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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON NETWORKING

BY : PRATEEK SHARMA UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR. AMIT RANJAN

AT DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION (DMRC) METRO BHAWAN, BARAKHAMBA ROAD

NETWORKING

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

ROUTERS SWITCHES HUBS BRIDGE GATEWAY FIREWALL PROXY NETWORKING CABLES LAN,MAN,WAN OSI MODEL PATCH CORD JACK PANEL RJ-45 CONNECTOR LIU SFP CONVERTER

DMRC : DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION


The DELHI METRO RAIL is a rapid transit system saving Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the national capital region of the India. The Network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83mi) with the 142 stations of which 35 stations are underground. It has a combination of elevated at-grate and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and the standard gauge rolling stock. Its overhead rapid transit and the three trains: Mitsubishi-ROTEM broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, and the Mitsubishi-ROTEM standard gauge. DELHI METRO is being built and operated by the DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION LIMITED (DMRC). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between the time 6:00am to 23:00pm running with an interval of 2.5 minutes between the train and the peak frequency. The trains are mainly of four coaches, but due to increase the passengers numbers, six coach trains are also added on the Red Line (Dilshad Garden to Rithala), Yellow Line (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre), and the Blue Line (Dwarka sec-21 to Vaishali/Noida city centre) on the Network. The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The METRO has an average daily ridership of 1.6 million commuters. And as of June 2011, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception. Planning for the DELHI METRO was started in 1984, When the DELHI Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a Multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of INDIA and the Government of DELHI jointly set up the DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998 and the first section on the Red Line opened in 2002, followed by Yellow Line in 2004, Blue Line in 2005, its Branch Line in 2009, The Green Line and the Violet line in the 2010 and the DELHI Airport METRO Express in 2011.

PHASE III : ROUTES WITHIN DELHI : The PHASE III is tentatively composed of the two new Lines and the three Extensions, covering 67 new stations and 108 km of new track with an estimation cost of 30,000 crore rupees (US$ 6.69 billion). The following routes have received DELHI Cabinet clearance but are still awaiting the final approval from the Ministry of Urban Development and from the group of ministers. Mukundpur to Yamuna Vihar (35 stations, 56 KM) - New LINE (LINE 7). Janakpuri (West) to Noida Botanical Garden (22 station, 33 KM) - New LINE (LINE 8). Central Secretariat to Kashmiri Gate (7 station, 9.8 km) - Violet LINE Extension. Dwarka to Najafgarh (5KM) - blue LINE Extension. Jahangirpuri to Badali (3 Station, 4.48 KM) - Yellow LINE Extension.

PHASE IV : The PHASE IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further Extensions to Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, palam, Najafgarh, Gazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad having a total length of 108.5 Km (67. mi). Apart from these lines in the phase I to IV plans have been mooted to construct a New LINE from Noida Sector-62 to Greater Noida which will intersect to Indraprastha - Noida Sector-32 LINE. The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend the DELHI METRO lines deeper into the Ghaziabad in three phases, including the Extension of the Blue LINE from Anand Vihar to Vaishali and subsequently Mehrauli via Indirapuram as well as the Extension of the Red LINE from Dilshad Garden to the New Ghaziabad bus stand. The independently operated work on which is going on and has a deadline 2013 will also be interchange with the DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION (DMRC).

NETWORKING : The interconnection between the two computer system or more computer system is called NETWORKING. The process of data exchanging from one computer to another with the help of ROUTER, SWITCH, CABLES and RJ-45 connecters etc. is called the NETWORKING. The NETWORKING is the practice of two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. We can connect the two or more computer system with the help of CABLES, WIRELESS NETWORK, ROUTERS, JACK PANELS and SWITCHES. In the NETWORKING, the JACK PANEL is connected only by the CAT-6 cable. The CAT-6 cable is use for smaller distance connections. The JACK PANEL is not connected by the FIBER OPTIC cable. The FIBER OPTIC cable is only connected to LIU. The range of CAT-6 cable is sufficient upto 125meters. But in DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation), the CAT-6 cable is uses only upto the 110meter distance connections. For more than 125meter distance connections we use FIBER OPTIC cable instead of CAT-6 cable. Mostly in METRO DEPOT we use fiber optic cable for large distance connections. The first known use of NETWORKING in 1967.

1. ROUTERS : The ROUTER is an electronic device use for NETWORKING. The ROUTER is an physical device that join multiple wired or wireless networks together for NETWORKING. The ROUTER decides the route of data packets. The ROUTER decides the smallest and best route for the data packets .The ROUTER works at the 3rd layer i.e. Network Layer of the OSI Model. A ROUTER is a more sophisticated network device than either a SWITCH or a HUB. Like SWITCHES and HUBS, a Network ROUTER is typically a small box like pieces of equipment that multiple computers can connect to. Technically, a wired or wireless ROUTER is a layer 3 GATEWAY, meaning that the wired/wireless ROUTER connects Networks (as GATEWAY do), and that the ROUTER operates at the Network layer of the OSI Model. Home Network often use an internet protocol (IP) wired or wireless ROUTER, IP being the most common OSI Network layer protocol. An IP ROUTER such as a DSL or cable modem Broadband ROUTER that joins the homes Local Area Network (LAN) to the Wide Area Network (WAN) of the internet. By maintaining configuration information in a piece of storage called ROUTING TABLE, wired or wireless ROUTERS also have the ability to filter traffic, either incoming or outgoing, based on the IP addresses of senders and the receivers. Some ROUTERS allow the home networker to update the ROUTING table from a web browser interface.

2. SWITCHES : The SWITCH is an electronic device use for NETWORKING. The SWITCH is an large hardware device that join multiple computers together within one Local Area Network (LAN) for NETWORKING. We give single input in the SWITCH and get the multiple output from the SWITCH. The SWITCH principle phenomenon based on the DEMUX (Demultiplexer). In the SWITCH the data packets goes one by one. SWITCH is slightly higher price tag than the HUB. And the SWITCH gives better performance as compared to the HUB. Sometimes SWITCHES are also called multi-port bridges. Because the SWITCH offers usually four or more hardware ports i.e. a single SWITCH can contain four or more hardware ports. The Network SWITCH operate at 2nd layer i.e. Data Link Layer of the OSI Model. The Network SWITCHES appear nearly identical to the Network HUBS. Network SWITCHES are capable of inspecting data packets as they received, determining the source and destination device of each packet and forwarding them appropriately. A Network SWITCH conserves the Network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than the HUB. Ethernet Network SWITCH support either 10/100 Mbps fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) standards. Different models of Network SWITCHES support differing numbers of connecting devices. Most consumer-grade Network SWITCHES provide either four or eight connections for Ethernet devices.

3. HUBS : The HUB is an electronic device use for NETWORKING. The HUB is a simple inexpensive device that join multiple computers together. The HUB is used in wired network to connect Ethernet cables from a number of device together. The HUB allows each device to talk to others. The HUBS are simple devices they require no configuration and have no manuals that their function is now included in other devices such as ROUTERS and MODEMS. So instead of HUBS we use SWITCHES. The data packets goes in one go in the HUBS. Other types including USB HUBS also exist, but Ethernet is the type traditionally used in the home Networking. To expand a Network to accommodate more devices, Ethernet HUBS can also be connected to each other, to SWITCHES or to ROUTERS. Ethernet HUBS vary in the speeds i.e Bandwidth. Some newer type of HUBS support both 10Mbps and 100Mbps rated speeds so it also called Dual-speed or 10/100 hubs. HUBS arent used in Networks with only wireless connections, since Network devices such as ROUTERS and Adapters communicate directly with one another. While Network ROUTERS, HUBS and SWITCHES, all share similar physical appearance, ROUTERS differ substaintially in their inner working. A ROUTER is more sophisticated Network device than either a SWITCH or a HUB. Many Network HUBS are available today which supports the Ethernet standard. To Network a group of computers using an Ethernet HUB, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then connect the other end of the cable to each computers Network Interface Card (NIC).

4. BRIDGE : The BRIDGE is an NETWORKING device which filters the data traffic at the Network Boundary. The BRIDGE reduce the amount of data traffic on LAN (Local Area Network) by dividing it into two segments. BRIDGE serves a similar function as SWITCHES that also operate at layer 2 of the OSI Model. The BRIDGE operates in both the Physical and the Data Link Layer of the OSI Model. As a Physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives. As Data Link Layer device, the BRIDGE can check the physical (MAC) addresses contained in frame. A BRIDGE does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame. The BRIDGE inspects the incoming traffic and then it decide whether to forward or discard the incoming traffic. Traditional BRIDGES support one Network boundary, whereas SWITCHES usually offer four or more hardware ports. SWITCHES are sometimes called multi-port bridges for this reason. A wireless Ethernet BRIDGE is a special type of Network BRIDGE that converts a wired Ethernet device for use on a wireless Wi-Fi computer Network. The Network BRIDGE contain some logic designed to more efficiently forward data between the two parts of Network. A BRIDGE has a table used in filtering decisions. Theoretically, A Network BRIDGE should be able to connect LANs using different protocols at the Data Link Layer, such as Ethernet LAN to a wireless LAN.A Network BRIDGE has a filtering capability. It can check the destination address of a frame. A BRIDGE has a table that maps addresses to ports.

5. GATEWAY : A Network GATEWAY is an internet working system capable of joining two Networks together that uses different base protocols. A Network GATEWAY can be implemented completely in software, in hardware or as a combination of both software and hardware depending on the type of protocols they support. A Network GATEWAY can operate at any level of the OSI Model. Generally, A GATEWAY transforms a telephone Network message to an internet message. It is basically a protocol converter. Because the Network GATEWAY, appears at the edge of Network related capabilities like FIREWALLS tends to be integrated with it. On home Networks, a broadband ROUTER typically serves as the Network GATEWAY although ordinary computers can also be configured to perform equivalent functions. A Network GATEWAY operate at the Transport Layer of the OSI Model. A Network GATEWAY can also accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formulated for another protocol before forwarding it. GATEWAY converts the data packets of different size in one protocol format to another protocol format. GATEWAY form or convert packet according to protocol needs by the destination Network. A Network GATEWAY is also used to connect two or more dissimilar LANs. It can share connection between LAN or MAIN FRAME or large packet switching Network. It is a computer with microprocessor with memory hardware and related software etc.

6. FIREWALL : A Network FIREWALL protects the computer system or Network from unauthorized access. A Network FIREWALL guards a computer Network against unauthorized incoming messages. A Network FIREWALL is an essential element of Network privacy and security. Hardware and software FIREWALLS monitor and limit the flow of information through a computer Network according to defined rules. A Network FIREWALL may be of hardware device, may be of software programs or may be of combination of the two hardware and software. A Network FIREWALL may also be configured to limit access to the outside from the internal users. Many home Network ROUTER products include the built in FIREWALL support facility. He ROUTER FIREWALL can be turned off (Disabled).A Network FIREWALL is a specially programmed ROUTER. It is programmed to filter packets that flow through it. A Network FIREWALL is a device that installed between the internal network of an organization and rest of the internet. It is designed to forward some packets and some other filters. A FIREWALL is usually classified as a packet filter FIREWALL or a proxy based FIREWALL. A FIREWALL may filter all incoming packets designed for a specific host or a specific server such as HTTP. There are two categories of FIREWALLS : 1) Filter-Based FIREWALL. 2) Proxy-based FIREWALL.

7. PROXY : In the communication, a PROXY is something that acts as a server, But when given request from clients, acts itself is a client to the real servers .A PROXY is a web page that provides internet users with the ability to browse web sites that may be blocked by a content filter, such as Web Sense or Smart Filter. Consider talking to somebody who speaks a foreign language through a translator. You talk to the translator, who receives your statements then, regenerate something else completely to the other end. The translator serves as your PROXY. The communication terminates at the PROXY. In the other words, the PROXY doesnt forward the data so much as it tears it completely apart. For example, an HTTP PROXY doesnt forward any request sent through it. Instead, it first examines if it is already has the requested web page in its cache. If so, then it returns that page without sending another request to the destination server. Because PROXIES completely terminate the communication channel, they are considered a more secure FIREWALL technology than the packet filters, because they dramatically increase the isolation between the networks. We will occasionally be scanned for the PROXIES. ISPs scan their users for the PROXIES. Hackers can scan the internet looking for the PROXIES they can annoy their connections with. By making use of the PROXY as the portal to the blocked site, it is possible to circumvent the work of whatever content filter is in place. At the same time, the PROXY site also helps to mask the visit to site.

8. NETWORKING CABLES : There are three types of NETWORKING cables : 1) TWISTED-PAIR CABLE. 2) COAXIAL CABLE. 3) FIBER-OPTIC CABLE.

1) TWISTED-PAIR CABLE :A TWISTED-PAIR consists of two conductors normally copper about 1mm thick, In the TWISTED-PAIR cable, copper wires are TWISTED together to form helical structure. The range of the TWISTED-PAIR cable is small. But the attenuation and noise are large in it. By TWISTING the pairs, a balance is maintained. To reduce the electrical interference we TWISTED the cable. The TWISTED-PAIR cable used in bulbs and in CAT-6 cable. TWISTED-PAIR, cable are also used in the telephone lines to provide voice and the data channels. One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground reference. The unwanted signals are mostly cancelled out. If the two wires are parallel, then the effect of these unwanted signals is not the same in both the wires because they are at different locations relative to the noise or crosstalk sources. This results in a difference at the receiver. TWISTING makes it probable that both wires are equally affected by the external influences i.e. Noise or Crosstalk. This means that the receiver which calculate the difference between the two wires, receives no unwanted signals.

2) COAXIAL CABLE : The COAXIAL cable carries the signals of higher frequency ranges than those in the TWISTED-PAIR cable because the two media are constructed quite differently. Instead having two wires, the COAXIAL cable has a central core conductor of solid or standard wire which is usually of copper enclosed in an insulating sheath which is, in turn, encased in an outer conductor of the metal foil, Braid or a combination of the two. To connect the COAXIAL cable to the devices we need COAXIAL connectors. The most common type of connector used today is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector. Three popular types of these connectors are : the BNC connector, the BNC T connector and the BNC terminator. The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable to the device such as TV set. The BNC T connector is used in Ethernet Networks. The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal. The COAXIAL cable was widely used in analog telephone Networks where a single COAXIAL Network could carry 10,000 voice signals. A single COAXIAL cable could carry digital data upto 600 Mbps. The COAXIAL cable has high Bandwidth and high data rate. The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against the noise and as the second conductor which completes the circuit. This outer conductor is also enclosed in an insulating sheath, and the whole cable is protected by a plastic cover. The COAXIAL cable are categorized by their radio government (RG) ratings. Each RG number denote a unique set of physical specifications, including the wire gauge of the inner conductor, the thickness and the type of the inner insulator, the construction of the shield.

3) FIBER-OPTIC CABLE :The FIBER-OPTIC cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits the signals in the form of light. In the OPTICAL FIBER, the light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through a single uniform substance. If a ray of light travelling through one substance suddenly enters another substance of different density then the ray changes direction. There are three types of connectors for FIBER-OPTIC cables : The Subscriber Channel (SC) connector. Straight-Tip (ST) connector and MT-RJ connector. The Subscriber Channel (SC) connector is used for cable TV. It uses push/pull looking system. The Straight-Tip (ST) connector is used for connecting cable to the Networking devices. It uses a bayonet looking system and is more reliable than SC. The MTRJ connector is same size as RJ-45 connector. The range of the FIBER-OPTIC cable is large but the Attenuation and the Noise is small in the FIBER-OPTIC cable. Attenuation is flatter than in case of TWISTED-PAIR cable and in case of COAXIAL cable. The performance is such that we need fewer (actually 10 times less) repeaters when we use FIBEROPTIC cable. The OPTICAL-FIBER provides the backbone structure while the COAXIAL cable provides the connection to the user premises. Local Area Network such as 100Base-FX Network (Fast Ethernet) and 1000Base-X also use FIBER-OPTIC cable. The advantages of FIBER-OPTIC are : It has Higher Bandwidth, Less Signal Attenuation, Light Weight, Greater Immunity to taping, Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference and Resistance to Corrosive Materials.

9. LAN, MAN, WAN : 1) LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK) : A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) is a Network which is designed to operate small physical area such as Office, Factory. LANs are very widely used in a variety of applications. LANs are easy to design and troubleshoot. The Personal Computers and Workstations in the offices are interconnected via LAN. In LAN, all the machines are connected to a single cable. Different Topologies such as Bus, Ring, Star, Tree etc. are used for LANs. The exchange of information and sharing information becomes easy due to LAN. A LAN allows the number of independent devices to communicate directly with each other in a limited geographical area. A LAN is covered a short geographical distance to set a computer Network. It may cover Buildings, University Campus and Business Organization distance around 5 to 6 KM maximum otherwise it remain with 1 or 2 KM. A LAN is the high speed data exchange of 10Mbps. It uses the expensive transmission media. The LAN is a low error rate transmission. LANs use a layered architecture. The LAN Network covers maximum of 1000 terminal in a Network. LAN is privately owned Network. The LAN Network is a cheaper solution.

2) MAN (METROPOLITON AREA NETWORK) : A METROPOLITON AREA NETWORK (MAN) is a Network which is designed to operate a large physical area such as Entire City. MAN is basically a bigger version of LAN and normally uses the similar technology. MAN is a bigger computer Network than the LAN. It cover nearly a corporate (business/commercial) offices in the MAN. It is the extension of LAN Networks. In the MAN, the Satellite Network is more useful. MAN covered the entire city as a geographical area distance can be around 4050Km. The speed of MAN is 10-100 Mbps, cable TV Network or Telephone Network is the example. A number of Network of same or different topology and the speed can connected via some interconnected devices may be BRIDGE or repeaters etc. A MAN covers the entire city. A MAN is simply a connection of number of LANs or a single network. A MAN is generally operated by a private company or may be owned or it may be a service provided by a public company such as Local Telephone Company (telco). MAN can be a single Network such as a cable TV Network or it may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger Network so that resources can be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.

3) WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK) : A WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) is a Network which is designed to operate large physical area such as National Level, Global World Wide. WAN can connect computer in different site. When a Network expands a large or when the computers to be connected to each other are at Widely separated locations then, A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) cannot be used. Then, We use WAN, A WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) must be installed. A WIDE AREA NETWORK, provides a Long Distance Transmission of the data, Voice, Image and the Video Information. A WAN uses Public Leased or Communication Devices. The other type of WAN is a Satellite or Ground Radio System. Satellite Networks are Broadcast and are most useful when the Broadcast Property is Important. There are generally two types of WAN : One is the Public Network run by the government or group of company and the other is private network run by a single entity. A WAN can connect more than one LAN. The speed of the WAN is slow as compared to the LAN. Links and the Errors are more in the WAN instead of the LAN. The communication between the different users of the WAN is established by using the Leased Telephone lines or Satellite links and the similar channels. It is cheaper and more efficient to use phone Networks for the links.

10. OSI MODEL : The OSI MODEL consists of seven layers: 1) PHYSICAL LAYER 2) DATA LINK LAYER 3) NETWORK LAYER 4) TRANSPORT LAYER 5) SESSION LAYER 6) PRESENTATION LAYER 7) APPLICATION LAYER

a) PHYSICAL LAYER : The PHYSICAL LAYER defines the Procedure and Function that PHYSICAL Devices and the interfaces have to perform for the transmission to occur. The PHYSICAL LAYER deals with the Mechanical and Electrical specifications of the interface and for the Transmission Medium. The PHYSICAL LAYER is responsible for the movements of the individual Bits from one hop

(node) to the text. The number of Bits Sent each Second is also defined by the PHYSICAL LAYER. The PHYSICAL LAYER also defines the type of the Encoding. The PHYSICAL LAYER data consists of a Stream of Bits with no Interpretation. PHYSICALAYER is Concerned with the Connection of hubs. b) DATA LINK LAYER : The DATA LINK LAYER transforms the PHYSICAL LAYER, A Raw Transmission Facility to a Reliable Link. It makes the PHYSICAL LAYER appear Error-Free to the upper layer which is NETWORK LAYER. The DATA LINK LAYER is responsible for moving the Frames from one hop (node) to the next. The DATA LINK LAYER Divides the stream of the bits received from the NETWORK LAYER into the manageable data units called Frames. The Data link layer adds a Header to the Frame to define the Sender and the Receiver of the Frame. The DATA LINK LAYER imposes a flow control Mechanism to avoid Overwhelming the Receiver. c) NETWORK LAYER : The NETWORK LAYER is Responsible for the source-todestination Delivery of a packet. If two systems are connected to the same Link then, there is usually no need for a Network Layer. However, if the two systems are attached to the different Networks (links), with the connecting device between the Networks (links) then, there is often need for the Network. The NETWORK LAYER is Responsible for the Delivery of the Individual Packets from the source host to the Destination host. The NETWORK LAYER adds a Header to the packet coming from the upper layer that, among other things include the logical addresses of the sender and receiver. d) TRANSPORT LAYER : The TRANSPORT LAYER is responsible for process-toprocess delivery of entire message. A process is an application program which running on a host. Whereas NETWORK LAYER oversees source-to-destination delivery of the Individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets. It treats each one independently, as though each piece belonged to separate message, whether or not it does. TRANSPORT LAYER on the other hand, ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both Error Control and flow control at source-to-destination level. The TRANSPORT LAYER Responsible for delivery of message from one process to another.

e) SESSION LAYER : The services provided by the first three layers (physical, data link and network) are not sufficient for some processes. The SESSION LAYER is the NETWORK dialog controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among the communicating systems. The SESSION LAYER is Responsible for the dialog control and for the synchronization. The SESSION LAYER allows two systems to enter into a Dialog. It allows the communications between two processes to take place in either half-duplex (one way at a time) or full-duplex (two ways at a time) mode. The SESSION LAYER allows a process to add check points to a stream of data. f) PRESENTATION LAYER : The PRESENTATION LAYER is concerned with the syntax and the semantics of the information exchanged between the two systems. The PRESENTATION LAYER is Responsible for translation, Compression and Encryption. Because different computers use different encoding systems, The PRESENTATION LAYER is Responsible for Interoperability between these different Encoding methods. The PRESENTATION LAYER at the receiving machine changes the common format into its receiver-dependent format. Data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information. Data compression becomes particularly important in the transmission of the multimedia such as text, audio and the video. g) APPLICATION LAYER : The APPLICATION LAYER enables the user, whether human or software, to access the Network. It provides user interfaces and support for the services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management and the other types of the distributed information services. The APPLICATION LAYER is Responsible for providing services to the user. This application allows a user to access files in a remote host (to make changes or read data) to retrieve files from a remote computer for use in the local computer and to manage or control files in a remote computer locally. This application provides the basis for e-mail forwarding and storage.

11. PATCH CORD : A 1meter long CAT-6 cable is called the PATCH CORD. A patch cord connects the two Network devices. PATCH CABLES are typically CAT-5/CAT-5e, CAT-6 Ethernet cables linking a computer to a nearby Network like HUB, SWITCH or ROUTER. The term PATCH CORD is sometimes used synonymously with the PATCH CABLE, although PATCH CORDS are often nonNetwork types of the cables such as those for wiring stereo components. Ethernet PATCH CABLES are useful to those building home computer Networks and also to the traveller who need wired access to the internet connections such as those provided in the hotel rooms. They are normally manufactured using standard rather than solid sheathing.

12. JACK PANEL : A JACK PANEL is a large PANEL that look similar to a switchboard. There are many cable connections in the JACK PANEL. The JACK PANEL is also known as PATCH PANEL. One typically shorter patch cable will plug into the front side, whereas the back holds the connection of a much longer and more permanent cable. The JACK PANEL is used in recording studios, television and Radio Broadcast studios. A PATCHBAYS, are widely used to facilitate the connection of different devices such as Microphones, electric or electronic equipment. PATCHBAY make it easier to connect different devices in different order of different projects. A PATCH PANEL of Network ports contained together usually within a Telecommunications. There are so many different number of ports in the JACK PANELS are available such as 12 ports, 16 ports, 24 ports and 48 ports JACK PANEL.

13. RJ-45 CONNECTOR : The RJ-45 CONNECTOR is a standard type of a connector for the Network cables. The RJ-45 CONNECTORS are most commonly seen with the Ethernet cables, with the Networks and use for the telephony applications. The RJ-45 CONNECTORS feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable interface electrically. The standard RJ-45 PINOUTS define the arrangement of the individual wires needed when attaching connectors to the cable. The RJ-45 CONNECTOR has eight PINOUT for Ethernet. The RJ-45 CONNECTOR can also be connected to the HUBS. The RJ-45 is located on both the ends of the PATCH CORD or in the CAT-6 cable. While on the other hand, the RJ-11 CONNECTORS is used with Telephone cables and is slightly smaller than the RJ-45 CONNECTORS.

14. LIU : It is Line Interface Unit. A Fiber Optic Interconnect unit is also known as LIU and the Fiber Patch Panel. It is basically a Optical Fiber distribution cabinet where the backbone and the individual equipment Fiber Optic cables are interconnected or terminated together. The LIU is a modular and suitable for building cables. The number of Fibers determines which LIU is appropriate for the application. Features of it, it is one unit slim mounting unit (1U rack space). Line Interface Unit are extensively used for wired communication Networks. The LIUs are used for ROUTING, terminating and managing Optical cable terminations. These Line Interface Units can be wall mounted or rack mounted for ease of use. The outer body is made of high quality steel with anti-corrosive powder coating.

15. SFP CONVERTER : SFP stands for Small Form-Factor Pluggable. The SFP converters allow Network operators to incorporate multiple Fiber types within a Network. The SFP converter provides the ability to accomplish this by working with existing equipment and thus, eliminating replacement costs. With the flexibility to convert fiber between single- mode, multi mode, single-strand and CWDM wavelengths, one can easily extend network range to reach more remote locations. SFP Converter includes two SFP ports. The SFP Ethernet Media converter is an equipment with standards SFP ports and RJ-45 ports, users can change the SFP modules as they need so that this will function like different models, SFP Fiber Ethernet Media converters are flexible to use and low cost, we supply this Ethernet Media converter with optional SFP like 1000Base-T, 1000Base-SX.

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