H3B. Axaa. HayK CCCP Cep. MateM.

TOM 53(1989), J f 1 Ve

Math. USSR Izvestiya Vol. 34(1990), No. 1

REPRESENTATION OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS AND COHERENT SHEAVES

UDC512 A. I. BONDAL ABSTRACT. It is proved that a triangulated category generated by a strong exceptional collection is equivalent to the derived category of modules over an algebra of homomorphisms of this collection. For the category of coherent sheaves on a Fano variety, the functor of tightening to a canonical class is described by means of mutations of an exceptional collection generating the category. The connection between mutability of strong exceptional collections and the Koszul property is studied. It is proved that in the geometric situation mutations of exceptional sheaves consist of present sheaves and the corresponding algebra of homomorphisms is Koszul and selfconsistent. Bibliography: 18 titles.

1. Introduction

The goal of this paper is to study interconnections of various categories with the categories of representations of finite-dimensional associative algebras. The main tool is the notion of exceptional collections or, in a more general situation, that of a semi-orthogonal collection of admissible subcategories. Let be an exceptional object of an abelian category sf. This means that Ext' (E,E) 0 for i > 0. Then, using E, one can construct a functor FE from the category sf into the derived category Db(mod-A) of representations of the algebra

A = Hom(E,E): FE(M) = RHom(E,M),

FE{M) is a complex of right -modules. The functor F is extendable to the derived functor DbF, from Dbsf to Db(mod-A). If has sufficiently many direct summands, then DbFE is an equivalence of triangulated categories (Theorem 6.2). As an example of J / , we may consider the category Sh(P") of coherent sheaves on the projective space P". Beilinson has shown in [1] that if we set EQ = " = 0 ^ ( / ) , then DbFEo is an equivalence of categories. Later, Drezet and Le Potier [9] and Gorodentsev and Rudakov [8] constructed the whole series of exceptional vector bundles that are obtained by successive mutations (nepecrpoHica) of the bundle Eo. It is convenient to regard EQ as the whole exceptional collection of bundles (f(i), and to introduce a condition of simplicity into the notion of an exceptional object: Hom(E, E) = C. Then the mutations inside the collection are interpreted as the actions of the Artin braid group. Kapranov [ 12] has constructed exceptional collections on quadrics, Grassmannians, and flag manifolds.
1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 16A46, 16A64, 18F20.
1990 American Mathematical Society 0025-5726/90 $1.00 + $.25 per page
23

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. . BONDAL

Projective modules over finite-dimensional associative algebras are another example of an exceptional collection. Mutations of such a collection generalize reflection functors [4] and tilting modules [5], which are used in the representation theory of quivers. From the point of view of the theory of quivers, the investigation of exceptional objects can be motivated in the following way: This theory is engaged in a classification of finite-dimensional associative algebras with tame representation theory. However, tame algebras are only a small isle in the ocean of wild algebras. What to do with the wild algebras? First of all one tries to describe all the simple nonvariable representations. Among them, the exceptional objects occupy in important place from a general functorial point of view. Second, one tries to partition the set of algebras (or, more generally, differentially-graded algebras) into classes, depending on the properties of mutability of exceptional collections, and, third, to define a notion of stability of algebra representations and classify the stable modules. The analogy with the theory of sheaves on P" indicates the complexity of the latter task. The exceptional collection property as defined in [8] is not, generally speaking, preserved under mutations. Thus we must weaken it. In this form, it is successfully used in every triangulated category. If i: 38 > sf is an embedding of the subcategory generated by the elements of an exceptional collection into the base category, then it will be shown in Theorem 3.2 that the category 3 is admissible, i.e. there exist right and left adjoint functors i[ and /*. These functors generalize the Beilinson resolvent [14] and represent a variant of the bar construction [12]. It was noted in [8] that the mutations of an exceptional collection generate a helix. Theorem 4.1 shows that this is connected with the fullness of an exceptional collection. Note that by identifying the derived categories of coherent sheaves on a manifold with modules over an algebra, the tightening (nozycpyTKa) functor on the canonical class transforms into the derived Nakayama functor or, as it is called in quiver theory, into the Coxeter functor. We demonstrate further, through some examples, the way geometry and algebra relate. Thus, for instance, representations of quivers which consist of two vertices and two arrows from one vertex into another correspond to the sheaves on P'. As we know, this is a time quiver, and its representations were described long ago by Kronecker. The unique parameter determining indecomposable representations is also the parameter on the projective line. In 7 we define Koszul algebras with ordered projective objects and prove that the Koszul condition is equivalent to strong exceptionality of the dual collection, which is constructed via mutations of projective modules and consists of irreducible objects translated along the derived category. In 8 we investigate, from a purely algebraic point of view, the questions of preservation of the property of strong exceptionality under mutations. It turns out to be necessary to impose some homological conditions on the algebra of homomorphisms between the elements of the exceptional collection. We call the algebras satisfying these conditions self-consistent. Their independent study is obviously important on its own. Finally, we prove in 9 that geometry furnishes examples of self-consistent algebras. To conclude this Introduction, we point out an interesting connection of the aforementioned with the theory of perversion of sheaves. If a stratification of a manifold is

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

25

such that all strata are contractible [13], then the triangulated category of complexes with homology that is locally constant on stratas has a full exceptional collection. Using a known correspondence of sheaves, subject to stratification by Schubert cells of the flag manifolds with modules over a semisimple Lie algebra, we obtain an exceptional collection in the category & [2], consisting of Verma modules. This paper is dedicated to A. Grothendieck, for his sixtieth birthday.
2. Exceptional collections and mutations

Let stf be a triangulated category [6] and A and objects in sf; Hom(A,B) is a vector space over a field K. We introduce the following notation for the graded complex of A"-vector spaces with trivial differential:

Horn \A, B) = Homk^(A,B)[-k]; kez

here Hom^(/1, ) = (, TkB), where is a translation in the triangulated category J / , and the number in square brackets denotes that the space (, TkB) has grading equal to k. In the case when si is the derived category of an abelian category, Horn (A, B) is quasi-isomorphic to RHom(^,5). DEFINITION. An object is called an exceptional object if it satisfies the following conditions: Horn'\E, E) = 0 for i 0, Hom(\ E) = K.
DEFINITION. An ordered collection of exceptional objects (E0,...,En) exceptional collection in s/ if it satisfies the condition

is called an

Horn (Ej,Ek) = 0 for j > k.

We will call an exceptional collection of two objects an exceptional pair. The mutations of exceptional collections of sheaves on the projective space P" have been determined in [8]. The following definition is a natural generalization to the case of arbitrary triangulated categories: DEFINITION. Let (E, F) be an exceptional pair. We define objects LEF and RFE with the aid of distinguished triangles in the category s/:

LEF ^Hom{E,F)E->F, -+Hom(,.F)* F -* RFE;

'

here V[k] E, where V is a vector space, denotes an object equal to the direct sum of dim V copies of the object TkE. Under conjugation of vector spaces, grading changes the sign. A left (right) mutation of an exceptional pair = {E,F) is the pair LET - {LF,E) (respectively, REx = (F,RE)). Lower indices will be omitted whenever this does not cause confusion. A mutation of an exceptional collection = (Eo, ...,En) is defined as a mutation ofa pair of adjacent objects in this collection:
R,a = (Eo,..., Ej-\, Ei+1,REj+lEi,Ei+2,... ,En),

L,a = {Eo,... ,Ej_uLEiEi+i,Ei,El+2,-

..,En).

It is convenient to view the object RE+{Ei as translation of Ej to the right in the collection = (Eo,...,En). We can do mutations again in the mutated collection ,+-in particular, to translate Rj+\Ej further right. The result of multiple translation of the object Ej in the collection will be denoted by RkE,, and the resulting collection by Rka. Analogously for left mutations.

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. . BONDAL

ASSERTION 2.1. A mutation of an exceptional collection is an exceptional collection. The proof is analogous to the one given in [7], with RHom replaced by Horn . Let (XQ, ..., Xn) be a collection of objects in si. Denote by (XQ, ...,Xn) the minimal full triangulated subcategory containing the objects Xj. We will say that a collection of objects (XQ,...,Xn) generates the category si if {XQ,...,Xn) coincides with s/. LEMMA 2.2. If an exceptional collection (EQ, ...,En) the mutated collection also generates si. generates a category sf, then

PROOF. Let si = (E0,...,En) and 38 = (E0,...,Ei+l,REj,...,En). Then RHom(j,j + i)' <> Ei+l belongs to si, since si is closed under direct sums and g shifts. Hence, by (1), REj e si, and so 38 c si. We can analogously establish that si <z38, s i n c e t h e c o l l e c t i o n ( E o , . . . , E n ) is o b t a i n e d f r o m (EQ, ..., E i + l , R E j , . . . , E n ) by left mutation of the pair (Ei+\,REi). Let us regard i?, and L, (i = 0,..., - 1) as operations on the set of exceptional collections. 2.3. a) Rj and L, are mutually inverse. RjLj = 1. b) Ri (respectiveloy ,,) induce actions of the braided group of strings:
ASSERTION

RiRi+\Ri = Ri+lRiRi+\,

LJLJ+\LJ

Lj+\LjLj+\.

PROOF. In essence, for a) we need to prove that if (E, F) is an exceptional pair, then RELEF = F, and in b) that if (E, F, (?) is an exceptional triple, then the result of right translation of consecutively through F and G is equivalent to translation through G and RQF. These claims have been proved in this form in [7]. Below we give another proof of this statement based on mutations of categories. 3. Mutations of categories

This section is devoted to an exposition of a more general approach to the notion of mutations, not connected explicitly with exceptional collections. On the other hand, functoriality of the construction will be used below for exceptional collections. For the sake of a transparent presentation let us define mutations in the following situation. Let us assume that V is a vector space over with a nonsingular (nonsymmetric) bilinear form / . Consider the following grading on V: V = 0 V, (i 0,...,), with the condition ( Vj, Vt) = 0 for j > i and the restriction of / to Vj nondegenerate. Mutation means replacing the grading Vi by a new grading V/, where only two components in the grading are changed: V[ = Vi+X and V/+l =Vi+ir\ViVi+u x where ^ + i is the left orthogonal to Vi+l i.e. x ^ + x(x,Vi+l) = 0. The conditions on the grading are preserved under this operation. The homomorphism , which is the composition

n=poh:ViVi+l~

V'M Vi+l V'M,

when restricted to Vt gives the isomorphism of the space with the bilinear form Vj - + V'+\- The image of a vector from Vj under this isomorphism is called its ^ mutation. Now we replace the space V by a triangulated category si, Vj by a subcategory s/j, and the form / by Horn (?,?). DEFINITION. TWO triangulated subcategories 38 and of a triangulated category si are called orthogonal if for all objects X e 38 and eW we have Honv(X, Y) = 0.

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

27

DEFINITION. Let 38 be a triangulated subcategory of sf. The full subcategory generated by the objects 7 e i such that for every X 38 we have Hom^ (X, Y) = 0 is called the right orthogonal to 38 and is denoted by 38^. The left orthogonal is defined analogously.

LEMMA 3.1. Let = ^ . The following statements are equivalent: a) 38 and< generates/. b) For every X ess? there exists a distinguished triangle X C, where B e J > and C e . c) For the inclusion functor z*: 38 J / fAere w n'gA? adjoint functor : srf ->> 38 > i.e., for all Aes/ and fieJ d) For the inclusion functor j*:W>sf , i.e., for every A e / ac? C e ? there exists a left adjoint functor j * : s/

PROOF. The equivalence of c) and d) has been proved in [6]. Let us assume that c) holds. Let a: iX X be the image of the identity morphism id,!^ under the isomorphism Hom&(i-X, i-X) =i Hom^{,),

occurring in the definition of an adjoint functor (for simplicity of notation, we identify the objects fleJ1 and UB e si). Let us embed a in the distinguished triangle i-X ^X^C.

The object iX belongs to 3. Consequently, in order to show that c) implies b), it is necessary to establish that C e ? . Let e 38 and apply the functor Hom(fi,?), to the triangle just obtained. We have the following long exact sequence: - Hom(5, iX) ^ Ylom{B,X) - (, C) - Horn1 (B, iX) H ' 1 . From adjointness of the functors f and /* the following isomorphisms follow: Hom{B,iX) -^ Hom(B,X), V5 e 38, VX e sf. Applying the functorial property of these isomorphisms in the second argument to the morphism a, we see that these isomorphisms coincide with ; ,[1] is an isomorphism of the same type as a,, only for the object X[l]. Thus, a* and a[l] are isomorphisms. Then the aforementioned exact sequence gives Hom(fi, C) = 0, and therefore C e W We show now that b) implies c). Let X e sf; then we have the triangle -* X * C. Let i X = B. Let us show that such a triangle is unique up to a unique isomorphism and the correspondence extends to a functor. Let B' X' * C be another such triangle and let / : X' X be a morphism. We show that there is a unique : ' making the following diagram commutative: >
- X C

B'

X<

C"

Applying the functor Hom(Z?',?) to the first triangle, and taking into account that Horn'{B1, C) = 0, we see that Yiom(B',B) = Uora{B',X). In that case is the preimage of / g under this isomorphism. This proves that the correspondence

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. . BONDAL

extends to a functor uniquely. If we set X' = X in the diagram and if / is the identity morphism, then we obtain a unique isomorphism as . This ensures that the functor is well-defined on the objects. The existence of the unique morphism C > C is proved analogously. It is obvious that b) implies a). In order to prove the converse it is necessary to check that the full subcategory generated by the objects X which can be included in the distinguished triangle X -+ C is closed with respect to shifts and the > operation of taking cones of morphisms. For the shifted object X[i] we have the triangle B[i] -> X[i] -> C[i], where B[i] e 38 and C[i] e W, since 38 and are triangulated categories. Let / : X X' be a morphism of objects of the desired form. Then, as we established above, we have the following commutative diagram, which is unique up to a unique isomorphism: C + C
f

C,

where Ch denotes the cone of a morphism h; C,C eW, and B,B' <E&. This diagram can be closed using a distinguished triangle in the last column, by the generalized octahedron axiom ([3], p. 24). This triangle is the desired triangle. Reasoning of this type has been used in [3] in working with i-structures. DEFINITION. 38 is an admissible subcategory of si if there are right and left adjoint functors for the inclusion functor /: 38 > si. These adjoint functors will be denoted by z! and /*. Let - &x and R&W = &. Then, according to Lemma 3.1, the inclusion functors j , : W > si and j\ = r,: R&ff > sf have respectively left and right adjoint functors. Let us denote them by 7*: si > 38 and r ! : si -> R^'. Restricting j * to RggSi, we get the equivalence of the categories R^gW and W, since the inverse functor will be rl restricted to . ! DEFINITION. The category R&W, together with the functor R^ = r | ^ , R@: > R,@ff, which realizes the transfer from the right orthogonal of an admissible category 38 to the left one, is called the right mutation of W through $. Analogously the functor l^ = j*\R^W realizing the transfer from the left orthogonal to the right is called the left mutation of R^W through &. Let X be a topological space with a sheaf of rings @, let U an open subset of X, and F the closed complement of U. Let / and j be the embedding morphisms i: F > X and j : U -> X. Moreover, let us denote by J / = D+(X,<?),& = D+{F,<?) and = D+(U,(?) the derived categories of the sheaves of if-modules over X, F, and U respectively. Then 38 furnishes an example of an admissible subcategory of si, and W is the orthogonal complement. The corresponding functors have been described in [3], 1.4; the requirements for admissibility of the inclusion 38 si are equivalent to the gluing conditions ([3], 1.4.3.1-1.4.3.5), and the notation is compatible.
THEOREM 3.2. a) Let 38 = {E0,...,En) be a subcategory of si generated by an exceptional collection. Then % is an admissible subcategory ofsi.

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

29

b) Set = SB1-, then j*X = Ln+lX[n LX = X, and Lk+lX - Hom(En_k,LkX)

+ 1], where Ln+lX

is defined by induction: (3)

< En_k -> LkX A L*+1AT[1]. g >

The notation is compatible with that adopted for mutations. +l PROOF. It follows easily from (3) by induction that L" X c W. By Lemma 3.1 it is necessary to show that every object X sf embeds in the following triangle: -> X -> Ln+]X[n + 1], where Be3S. (4)

We prove it by induction on the length of the collection. For = -1 the claim is obvious. Assume that the claim has already been proved for the collection (,..., En). For every l e j / we have L"X[n-l]->B0-+X-^L"X[n], (5)

where Bo e (E\,. ,.,En). Let = a[n] , where is a morphism from the triangle (3) and is from (5). Then we have the following commutative diagram ([3], p. 24): > 0 []

1
- *
n+x

L X[n

J
> ?-*

U
LnX[n]

Since Bo and belong to 38, the middle row of the diagram is a triangle of the form (4). Let sfk, where k = 0,...,, be a collection of admissible subcategories of srf with the property that s/ ns/j - 0 for / j , Hom(j^,sfk) - 0 for / > k, and the sfk in toto generate the category sf. Mutations of such a collection are determined in full analogy with the case of a space with a nonsymmetric bilinear form. An example of such a collection of categories may be obtained from exceptional collections, according to Theorem 3.2. To that end, it is necessary to break up the collection (Eo, ...,En) into successive segments and consider the categories generated by exceptional objects in any one segment. If 38 = {E,,..., j) (where j - i = k) is the category generated by the elements of a segment and is an exceptional object from the collection, with e ^ (i.e. lies farther to the right than Ej in the collection), then defining LkE by (3) is compatible with the definition in 2, i.e. multiple left translation of an exceptional object through the exceptional collection (Ej,...,Ej) is a mutation L&E of that object through the subcategory generated by the objects (Ej,...,Ej). This mutation does not depend on the choice of the generating collection of the category 38, which proves Assertion 2.3. The mutation functor L^ is a category equivalence; thus if the initial category is generated by an exceptional collection, then so will be the mutated category, and consequently it will be admissible. This enables iterated mutations of such categories.

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It is possible to extend the class of admissible categories which preserve the property under mutations, using the formalism of Serre duality, but we will not need it in the sequel. 4. Helixes It is interesting to consider the derived category Db(Sh(X)) of the category of coherent sheaves on a manifold X as an example of a triangulated category s/. An example of an exceptional collection on a projective space P" is a collection of sheaves &{i), i = 0,1,...,. Mutations of this collection have been studied in [8]. Let (EQ,...,) be an exceptional collection. We extend it to an infinite sequence (in both directions) of objects of s/ (,, i = - o o , . . . , +oo), defining by induction: En+i = R"Ei_i and _, = L"En_i+l for i > 0. (6) It has been shown in [8] that the exceptional collections of foliations on P m are constructed through mutations of a collection {<f(i)} satisfying the condition E, = Ei+m+i(K), where the ,, / = - o o , . . . , +oo, are taken in the above sense. Such an infinite sequence was called there a helix. Let us extend its definition to an arbitrary manifold. DEFINITION. A sequence Et (infinite in both directions) of objects of the derived category Db(Sh(X)) of coherent sheaves on a manifold X of dimension m is called a helix of period if E, = Ei+n K[m - + 1]. Here is the canonical class and the number in square brackets denotes the multiplicity of the shift (per [8]) of an object to the left viewed as a graded complex in Db(Sh(X)). In the case of projective space P m the period is equal to m + 1 and a shift in the derived category does not occur. For the quadric Qm, depending on the parity of the dimension, there is either a shift by one to the right (if m is even) or no shift (if m is odd). Beilinson has shown with the aid of the diagonal resolvent that the collection <f(i) generates the category D*(Sh(P")), and Drezet, La Potier, Gorodentsev, and Rudakov have shown that this is valid for mutated collections as well. DEFINITION. An exceptional collection is called a thread of a helix if the sequence constructed by (6) is a helix of period + 1. Swan [17] has constructed exceptional collections on quadrics, and Kapranov has done it on Grassmannians, quadrics (independently), and flag manifolds [11], [12]. We will show here that these collections are also threads of a helix.
THEOREM 4.1. Let (E0,...,En) be an exceptional collection of a foliation on a manifold X of dimension m with an abundant anticanonical class. Then the following conditions are equivalent: 1) The collection E, generates the derived category Db{Sh(X)). 2) The collection Et is a thread of a helix.

First we prove the following fact.

ASSERTION 4.2. The functor Hom{En,l)* is representable in the subcategory (Eo, ...,) generated by the objects Eit and the representing object is LnEn[n], i.e.

Hom{En,X)* where X e (Eo, . . . , E n ) .

^ Hom(X,L"En[n]),

(7)

PROOF. Let us consider the subcategory 38 = (E0,...,En-i). By Theorem 3.2, there is a triangle -> En -> LnEn[n], where fieJ and L"En[n] e 38*-. From the

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

31

triangle we see that Horn (En,L"En) = Horn (En,EH) = K.

This means that Hom(En, L"En[k]) = 0 for k 0, and Hom( n , L"En) = K. Let us construct a correspondence between Hom(En,X) and Hom(X,L"En[n]), associating with any two morphisms their composition: Hom{En,X) Hom(X,LnEn[n]) -^Hom{En,LnEn[n]). (8) Let us show that this correspondence is nonsingular for every X. By Theorem 3.2 for X we have the triangle - - > L"X[n], where K e J 1 . Using that triangle, we can rewrite (8) in the following form: Hom(En,L"X[n])Hom(LnX[n],LnEn[n])-+Hom(En,LnEn[n]); L"X[n] belongs to &-1. If we consider the exceptional collection (LnEn,Eo,..., n n _i),we can see that 38 ^ = {L En) (see Lemma 6.1 for more details). The category (L"En) consists of direct sums and shifts of the object LnEn, since it is exceptional. Therefore we need only check the nonsingularity of (8) for X = L"En, and in this case it is obvious. PROOF OF THEOREM 4.1. 1)=>2). Suppose that {E0,...,En) is a collection from the hypothesis of the theorem. By Proposition 4.2, L"En[n] is the representing object of the functor Hom(En,X)* in the category Db{Sh(X)). But Serre duality gives Hom{En,X)* ^ Hom{X,En K[m]). It follows from the uniqueness of the representing object that L"En[n] = En{K)[m\; hence L | = LnEn = En(K)[m - n]. This is a helicity condition for / = - 1 . Since every successive subcollection of length + 1 in the sequence (6) is exceptional, the helicity follows for every /. 2)=>1). Assume that the collection (E0,...,En) satisfies condition 2) of the theorem. By Lemma 2.2, mutations of objects , belong to the subcategory j / = {EQ,...,En). Consequently, all elements of the helix belong to sf. Taking into account the invariance of sf under shifts, we have Eo{pK) s/ for all e Z. It follows from the existence of an adjoint functor (see 3) that every object X of the initial category embeds into a distinguished triangle X > , where > sf and RHom(y4, Y) = 0, for all A e si. Thus, it is enough to show that all such are equal to zero; is represented by a finite complex C of objects of the abelian category of coherent sheaves on X. Let us suppose that the anticanonical class is very ample, and let us embed X (with the aid of K) into projective space : X '. Then q>*(Ci) will be coherent sheaves on P', and the operator of tensoring by goes into the operator of tensoring by &{\). We have = * = * (*,. ( C

For p > 0, all higher ' (i > 0) will be equal to zero. That means that RHom '{En(pK), C) can be calculated with the aid of the complex K{p):

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. . BONDAL

with the natural differential. But RHom'(E0(pK),C ) = 0, and hence the complex is acyclic. A theorem of Serre [16] states that the abelian category of sheaves Sh(P') on P' = P ( F / + 1 ) is isomorphic to the quotient category of finitely generated graded modules over S'(V*) modulo the full subcategory of finite-dimensional modules. Moreover, the isomorphism assigns the graded module 0 p {&~ <f{p)) to the sheaf &', where we may assume that 0. Isomorphism of categories induces an isomorphism of the derived categories. Since the complex ^,0() is acyclic, the corresponding object of the derived category Db(S') is equal to zero; hence, by Serre's theorem, *{$ C ) = 0. Consequently C = 0. Let us point out, moreover, that in the case when is not very ample it must be replaced by a very ample multiple nK; then the arguments are analogous for the rest. This proves the theorem.
5. Quivers

A quiver is a set consisting of vertices and arrows between them. We will be interested infinite quivers, i.e. quivers for which the number of vertices and arrows is finite. A path is a sequence of arrows in which the beginning of each following arrow coincides with the ending of the previous one. The path length is the number of arrows in the path. Composition of paths is defined to be the concatenated path (if it is defined). Formal linear combinations with coefficients in a field form an algebra of paths A with respect to the operation of composition of paths. Here the composition a of paths a and is considered to be zero if the beginning of does not coincide with the end of a. Vertices correspond to singular paths of length 0. They turn out to be projections in the algebra of paths. If S c A is a subset, then the quotient algebra of the algebra A of paths modulo the ideal generated by S is called a quiver with relations. The generators of the ideal may be chosen in the form of linear combinations of paths with the same beginning and same end. We will denote by KAk the ideal in KA generated by the paths of length greater than or equal to k. Quivers with relations represent a large class of algebras. Let A be a finite-dimensional associative algebra over a field K. The algebra A is called a basis algebra if ^4/rad^ is the direct sum of several copies of (radA is the radical of the algebra A). Every algebra A' is Morita-equivalent to a basis algebra A. This means that their categories of representations are equivalent. A theorem of Gabriel says that every basis finite-dimensional -algebra is a quiver with relations S. If the assumption S c A2 is made, then the quiver is uniquely determined. In what follows we will assume this condition satisfied. EXAMPLE 5.1. The quiver Pn contains two vertices and arrows from the first into the second. For example, P2: =t . EXAMPLE 5.2. The quiver An contains vertices X\,...,Xn and - 1 arrows
: Xj X i + \ , i = 1 , . . . , - 1 . F o r i n s t a n c e , A 3 : .

EXAMPLE 5.3. The quiver Sn contains vertices X\,...,Xn and (n - \)n arrows \: Xi -> XM (i = , . . . , / i - \;j = 1,...,). The relations are \+ = %\. For instance S3:

relations: ] = y/j<Pi, i,j = 1 , 2 , 3 .

We point out that A2 coincides with P{ and S2 coincides with P2.

REPRESENTATIONS O F ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS EXAMPLE 5.4.

33

relations: /,, = <5,77, i,j G {1,2}.

Let A be the algebra of paths of a quiver with relations S: A KA/(S). Then the image A1 under the canonical epimorphisms A A is the radical of A. The > complement of that radical contains the paths of length 0. They are indexed by the vertices of the quiver and will be denoted by pa e A, where is a vertex of . The elements pa are orthogonal projections: = pppa = 0 for , and p\ = pa. A left ^-module, i.e. a vector space V over the field with the left action of the algebra A is called a representation of a quiver. The action of orthogonal projections decomposes V into a direct sum: V = apaV. Let us write Va = paV. Then an arrow from the vertex into the vertex determines a linear operator Va -> Vp. It becomes clear from this that our definition of a representation of a quiver coincides with the traditional one, where to every vertex a there corresponds a vector space Va, and to every arrow from a to a morphism Va so that the relations S are > satisfied. Representations of the quiver obtained from by inverting the arrows correspond to left modules over A, while the relations are written in the reverse order. An ordered quiver with relations is a quiver in which the vertices are ordered and the beginning of every arrow has an index smaller than the end (with the exception of the arrows of order 0). The quivers in Examples 5.1-5.4 are ordered. In Example 5.4 this is achieved by placing the top and bottom vertices in an arbitrary order between left and right vertices. Let be an ordered quiver with vertices X$,...,Xn, and let /?, be the projection corresponding to Xt in the algebra A of paths of . In what follows, we will find it convenient to consider right modules over A. Let us denote the category they form by -mod. Every representation V of A has a decomposition V = GjV, where G(V = Vpt. Let us denote by St the representation for which GjV = 0 for j i and (7, V = K, and all the arrows are represented by the zero morphisms. The modules 5, (/ = 0,1,...,) give a description of all the irreducible representations of A. Indeed, every module V has a filtration by modules FkV = @^G,V. The quotient FkV\Fk~x V is a direct sum of copies of S^. Projective modules of A are submodules of A as right module over itself, and are of the form Pk = pkA. The decomposition A = />, holds. Moreover,

A = (,) = 0 , , 0 ? ,

= 0(Hom(/>/,P,))ij

This equality allows for an interpretation of the arrows of a quiver as morphisms between projective modules. In particular, Hom(P(-,P,) = 0 for / > j . It is easy to check that GiPk pkApi = 0 for I > k, and GkPk is a one-dimensional space. This enables one to construct the following exact sequence: 0^Fk-ip
S

o.

(9)

34

. . BONDAL

LEMMA 5.5. Let V be a right -module, and assume that GiV Ofor i > k. Then Ve(P0,...,Pk).

We recall that (Po> Pk) is the triangulated subcategory generated by the subobjects Po,...,Pk in ^'(mod-^). PROOF (by induction). For k =: 0, the statement is obvious. If the statement has been proved for k = s-1, then, for every V, Fs~lV e <Po, , Ps-\) For V satisfying the hypotheses of the lemma for k = s, we have the exact sequence where GSV is viewed as a direct sum of copies of Ss. But it follows from (9) that Sk e(PQ,...,Ps). Thus Ve(P0,...,Ps). 5.6. Let 38 = (Po,...,Pk-\) be a subcategory of Db(mod-A), and let i: 38 - J / be the inclusion functor. Then
LEMMA
L

i*Pk = Sk=LkPk[k].
k l

(10)

PROOF. Consider the exact sequence (9). In it F ~ Pk belongs to 38 by Lemma 5.5. We may interpret that sequence as a triangle in Z)6(mod-^). By Lemma 3.1, it is enough to verify that Sk e 38L. Since the P, are projective modules, Extj (Pj,Sk) = 0 for j 0. It remains to show that (.,,5*) = 0 for i < j . Every such homomorphism gives a collection of mappings on graded components: GjPi GjSk- However, Sk has only the kth component, and GkPt = 0 for / < k. Thus, all the morphisms are equal to zero. By Theorem 3.2, we obtain (10).

6. Functors into the category Db(mod-A) connected with an exceptional collection Again, let si be an arbitrary triangulated category. DEFINITION. . An exceptional collection (, ...,) of objects of the category J / satisfying the conditions Horn*(,,)) = 0 for all / and j , with k 0, is called a strong exceptional collection. A n e x a m p l e o f a s t r o n g e x c e p t i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n is (<?,<?(I),.. .,(f(n)) on P".
L E M M A 6.1. Suppose that stf is generated by a (not necessarily strong) exceptional collection (Eo, ...,En). Set = (Eo, ...,Ek) and 38 = (Ek+l, ...,En). Then = 33^. PROOF. Obviously is orthogonal to 38 on the right. Let X e 38 ^ and let i-. J / be the inclusion functor. Then we have the triangle i'X > X Z, > L e ^. Also, G 38^-, since i'X and X belong to 38 . Consequently is orthogonal to all the generating objects , and hence equal to 0. Write = 0 , and A = Hom(, E); A is the algebra of paths of a finite ordered quiver with relations. This quiver contains + 1 vertices, and for the projective modules of this algebra the following isomorphisms hold:

Honw(Ei,Ej) ^
THEOREM

HomA(Pj,Pj).

6.2. Assume that the bounded derived category sf = Db(Sh(X)) of coherent sheaves on a smooth manifold X is generated by a strong exceptional collection (E0,...,En). Then ssf is equivalent to the bounded derived category Db(mod-A) of right finite-dimensional modules over the algebra A.
PROOF. For every object e J / , fix its finite flat quasiprojective resolvent I(Y), i.e. a finite complex of the flat quasicoherent sheaves quasi-isomorphic to Y. Let us construct a functor from A into D^(mod-A)the bounded derived category

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

35

of complexes of infinite-dimensional right modules over A with finite-dimensional homology. Since the categories D^(mod-A) and Db(mod-A) are equivalent, will be exactly the functor we are interested in. Set () = RHom(E,I(Y)) with the natural right action A = Hom(', E) on that complex. We show that is a category equivalence; (,) is a complex of -modules with homology (()) = 0 for j 0, and (()) is isomorphic to Pt. It follows that {) is quasi-isomorphic to P, in the category D$(mod-A). In order to prove that is strictly full functor, i.e. that it determines the isomorphism {,)^((),()) (11) for all X and in sf, we will use induction. First of all we point out that (11) holds when X and are elements of the collection {is,}, since is, goes to P,. Since {is,} is a strong exceptional collection, (11) can be extended to the set of shifts of the is,. But the category si is generated by this set, with one operation of the cone, because the shift X[i] of the object X embedded in the triangle A -+ X is itself embeddable in the triangle A[i] - X[i] -> B[i]. Now, by induction, we may assume that the objects X and are embeddable in the triangles A ^> X > and C D, where (11) has been already established > > for the pairs (A, C), (B, C), {A, D), and (B, D). For the homomorphisms, there is the following commutative diagram with exact rows and columns:
Hom(i4, C)
Hom(.Y,C)

-. (,)
-+ (,)

- Hom(^,>)
- Hom{X,D)

- f
- f
->

Hom(B, C) -f

Hom(B, Y)

-> Hom(B, D)

The same diagram can be constructed for the triangles {) () () and {0) -(7) (). The functor gives a morphism of these diagrams, and it is an isomorphism for the underlying spaces. By the exactness of rows and columns, it follows that gives an isomorphism for Hom(X, Y). This proves that the functor is strictly full. Db{mod-A) is equivalent to the homotopy category of projective modules which are direct sums of P,. Therefore, it is generated by the modules Pt. But the P, belong to the image of . Since D*(mod-^) and D^(mod-A) are equivalent, the surjectivity on objects follows. b REMARK. If sf = D (W) is a bounded derived category of an abelian category with sufficiently many injective objects, then the statement remains valid and is proved in the same way (without the use of the unnecessary equivalence between Db(mod-A) and Db(mod-A)). It would be interesting to prove the theorem in the case when szf is an arbitrary triangulated category, not furnished with the structure of a derived category. Difficulties here arise with the attempt to define the value of the functor on morphisms. In constructing the realization functor for /-structures in [3], analogous complications are overcome by introducing additional external data such as a filtered derived category. It would be even more important to prove an analogue of Theorem 6.2 for arbitrary exceptional collections. Already here, it is not entirely clear how to recover the

36

. . BONDAL

differential graded algebra of homomorphisms of the elements of the collection from the inner structure of triangulated category. We show by examples of coherent sheaves on manifolds how to realize the equivalence of categories. 6 EXAMPLE 6.3 Let s# = D (Sh(P')). Let (<f, @(1)) be a strong exceptional collection and A = Hom(<^ (f (l),<f <f (1)); A is the algebra of paths of the quiver P2 from Example 5.1. This quiver consists of two vertices and two arrows from the first vertex into the second. The identity endomorphisms in <? and <f(l) correspond to the projections p\ and p2. Indecomposable (right) modules of algebra A were described by Kronecker and are well known. They correspond to roots in the lattice of weights {,), where is the multiplicity of the irreducible representations 5 and 2 is the multiplicity of the representation S2 in the Jordan-Holder composition series. Real roots are weights of the form (n,n + 1) and (n + \,n), where > 0. To these correspond complexes of coherent sheaves on P 1 , respectively <f(n) and &{-n) [I] (according to Theorem 6.2). Imaginary roots are weights (,), > 0. To every such root there corresponds a one-dimensional family of indecomposable representations Vn>x, where Pl. To the module Vn<x corresponds the sheaf of jets up to (n l)st order, inclusive, at the point x. We can show that, for every quiver without relations (and this corresponds to the property that the homological dimension of A equals 1), all the indecomposable objects of the category Db(mod-A) are equivalent, up to a shift, to pure modules (i.e. to the complexes of the form 0 0). > > EXAMPLE 6.4. Let us consider an exceptional collection {&,...,(f(n)) in Db(Sh(Pn)) and its associated algebra A = QuHom(<?{i),&(j)), which is the algebra of paths of the quiver in Example 5.3. 3 EXAMPLE 6.5. Let Q be a nonsingular quadric in P . It is known that Q is 1 1 isomorphic to P x P . The collection (<f,(f(0, l),*f (l,0),^(l, 1)) maybe considered as an exceptional collection. Here &(i,j) = @{) &(?(j). Mutations of this collection have been studied in [18]. The algebra of Example 5.4 corresponds to it. Exceptional collections on quadrics of arbitrary dimension have been found in [17] and [11].
7. Koszul algebras

Let (E0,...,En) be a strong exceptional collection. Consider the algebra A = Q)"j=0Hom(Ej,Ej). It is the algebra of paths of an ordered quiver with relations and + 1 vertices. Let us denote by Ak the subspace of A generated by the paths of length k; then A becomes a graded algebra: A = AQ \ ; Ao is the subalgebra that is a sum of one-dimensional subalgebras: Ao = &Pi where p, is the ith orthogonal projection; the Aj are equipped with the structure of an Aobimodule. Let us assume that the arrows of the quiver exist only between adjacent vertices. This is equivalent to the condition that A is generated by Ao and . In other words, A^ = 0 A\ /Ik, where the / are subspaces of relations & with the structure of an -bimodule. An algebra A of the form just described is called quadratic, if all the relations Ik are generated by I2 . The generating elements of I2 are linear combinations of paths of length 2 with the same beginning and end. Formally, the quadratic property is expressed in the form of the following inclusion: lk <Z h A \ - - A\-\ h 7 2 ,
Ao
AQ

where every summand contains k - 1 factors and is considered to be a subspace

of^f*.

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

37

For a given algebra A, we can define a dual algebra ; is the quadric algebra orthogonal space is considered with respect to the natural pairing. The space = B* A is provided with the structure of a complex. For every -bimodule V, set V'> PiVpj. It is clear that A\j 0 only for / = j + 1, since the elements of are the arrows of the quiver. Let us consider arbitrary bases e\ in the spaces A\+lj and the dual bases -f in the spaces B{^+1. Let us also consider the following operator d: : >
for which Bo = A0,B\ A*, J2 1^, where Ji c B\ AQ Bx = A\ A*, and the

where /(/')* is the operator conjugate to the operator of left multiplication by \ in and l(ej) is the operator of left multiplication by ej in A. The operator d has the property d2 = 0 [15]. DEFINITION. . The complex = * A equipped with the differential d is called a Koszul complex. The differential preserves the ^ 0 -bimodule structure of the complex K; therefore the K''J are invariant with respect to d. The spaces K1' are one-dimensional for all /, and the differential d on them is equal to zero. DEFINITION. An algebra A is called Koszul if the homology groups of the complex are isomorphic to 0 [ j Kli. The differential preserves the structure of a right -module. Together with the action of AQ on the left, this enables the decomposition of into a sum of complexes of ^-modules: = ', where

' = Kl-i = 0 Bmi-k Ak'J = 0 B*'<k Pk;

here the i \ are protective ^-modules: P^ = PkA, and the K' are graded complexes of A -modules, with grading index equal to k:
B*u~2 P/_2 - * ' ' " 1 //_! -^ P/ -f 0.

The Koszul property implies that the complexes K' are exact in all members, except Pi, where the homology is one-dimensional and isomorphic to P\'. This means that we have the exact sequence > B*u~2 Pj_2 -+ B*iJ~' />,_ - P, - S,- - 0, where S, is an irreducible module, corresponding to the /th vertex.
ASSERTION PROOF,

(12)

7.1. An algebra A is Koszul if and only if Ext (Sj,Sj) = 0 for k i-j.

Pk), and thus Hom(Pk,Sj) =

a) Let the algebra be Koszul. It has been shown in Lemma 5.6 that
= 0 for k < j . By Lemma 5.5, Sk e(P0,...,

0 for k > j . To compute the Ext's, we apply the functor Hom(?,Sy) to tne pro1 jective resolvent of the module S , obtained from the sequence (12). We get that 1 7 Ext*(S/.S/) = 0 for k i - j , and Ext " '(S.-.Sy) = B'-J. b) Suppose that, for instance, the /th complex of the form (12) is not exact. Suppose the expression B*''iPj stands at the first place from the right where the complex is not exact. Consider the corresponding segment of the complex (12):
Bmi-J-2 Pj-i B*iJ~' Pj-X^B*''J p,. - . . . . (13)

Hom(Pk,Sj)

38

. . BONDAL

This complex decomposes into a sum of complexes K''s of graded components with respect to the right action of AQ: B * i J ~ l PJZ}'S -+ B *
u

P f - > .

For s = j,j I this complex is exact at Pj. This follows from the quadric property of the algebra B. Let us choose the smallest 5 such that K''s is not exact at the place we are interested in. Then s < j 1. Let H''s be the homology space of the complex at the jth place. Then we can extend the complex (13) to a complex of projective modules, exact in all places, where the resolvent will have the following form at the 7'th and (j - l)st places:
*'']~ <> Pj- / / j ' 1 Ps - B*'-J Pj^ g S, - 0 .

Here is a sum of projective modules of the form Pt, where t <s < j \ . Using this resolvent to compute the E\tl~j+l (Si, Ss), we conclude that they are equal to (H'j's)*. Since s < j - 1, the claim has been proved. It has been shown earlier (Lemma 5.6) that Sk = LkPk[k]. Thus, Homk(V Pi, LJPj) = Homk+i~j (VPiVlUPjU]) Using Theorem 6.2, we get
COROLLARY 7.3. The Koszul property of the algebra of homomorphisms of a strong exceptional collection {Ej} is equivalent to strong exceptionality of the collection {L'Ei}.

= Extk+i~j

(Si,Sj).

The collection {L"En,Ln~lEn-\,...,E0} is called the left dual collection of the collection {Eo, En}. Analogously, the right dual collection is {En,RE^u...,R"E0}.
DEFINITION.

8. Self-consistent algebras and mutations of strong exceptional collections It would be interesting to determine under what conditions a collection preserves exceptionality under mutations. In the case of sheaves on projective spaces the mutability of a collection has been studied in [8]. Let us consider the infinite sequence (6), constructed on the strong exceptional collection = (EQ, .. .,En). We will call it a helix Sa. Let us call a mutation of a collection admissible if the collection obtained as a result of the mutation is a strong exceptional collection. A helix is called admissible if every thread of the helix is a strong exceptional collection. Following [8], mutations of a helix are denned to be simultaneous mutations of all objects with the mutual distance equal to the period. A helix mutation is admissible if the result of mutation is an admissible helix. 8.1. For an admissible helix S, the following conditions are equivalent: a) All mutations of S of the form RkE, where is an element of the helix, are admissible. b) All mutations ofS of the form LkE are admissible. c) In every thread of the helix, mutations inside the thread of the form RE and LE, where is an element of the thread, are admissible mutations of the collection.
LEMMA

In helix mutations, it is sufficient to restrict ourselves to shifts by a distance smaller than the period of the helix, because of periodicity.
PROOF. The equivalence of a) and b) follows from periodicity. Also, it is obvious that a) and b) imply c).

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

39

Now let i ? | be a mutation of a helix S and let be a thread that contains RkE;if does not belong to , then R"E belongs to and the mutation RkE may be viewed as L"~kR"E, i.e. as a left mutation inside the thread. This proves that a) follows from c).
CONJECTURE. If one of the conditions of the lemma is fulfilled, then all mutations of the helix are admissible.

It is clear that the conditions of Lemma 8.1 are necessary for this. We reformulate c) for an exceptional collection in terms of the homomorphism algebra of that collection. Analogously to Koszul complex = * < A of 7, we can define three more g > complexes connected with the algebra A:

KX=AB*,

K2 = AB,

K3 = BA.

Differentials in those complexes are given by the following formulas (in notation of 7):

di = '(*/) '/),

2 = r ^ ) (>

^ = '( zw')

The complex K\ may be interpreted as a Koszul complex for the algebra Aopp, and K2 as the complex K3 for Aopp. Let us consider the complex K2 = A B. It is bigraded, since it is an -bimodule: K2 = ^, K2j = PjK2pj, and the K'2J are graded complexes with respect to the differential d2: 0 A
DEFINITION.
i J

-> A'-J-1 <> BJ~lJ 8

-.

A'-0 0 B'J -f 0.

An algebra A is called co-Koszul if the complexes K2j for i j are exact at all places except the last {A1-0 < B0-*). g > We specially point out that these requirements do not extend to the diagonal complexes . opp DEFINITION. An algebra A is called self-consistent if A and A are Koszul and co-Koszul. This means that the complexes K'j and K'{j are exact for / j , and K2j (reJ spectively K'j ) may be nonexact only at the ends (respectively at the beginnings) for i jASSERTION 8.2. The following statements are equivalent: a) The homomorphism algebra A of a strong exceptional collection is self-consistent. k b) Mutations of the form R E and LE inside are admissible.
PROOF. Following Theorem 6.2, we may identify , with P,. Let us assume that the algebra is Koszul. Then, according to 7,

BjJ = Horn (LPi, UPj) = Horn (L'-jPi, Pj) = Hom*{Pi,R'-jPj) = Hom(Ri-J-lPJ,Pi)*.

In particular, Hom'(R'~J~ Pj,Pi) is concentrated as a complex in the zerocomponent. From this it follows easily that the complexes KJ2 (&jK2J represent the objects R"~'Pj, just as, in 7, K' represented L'Pi = Sj[-i]. Admissibility of a mutation means the absence of Horn' for / 0 between Pj and R"~'Ph where /' j . Computing them with the aid of the complexes K'2 and K', we immediately
l

40

. . BONDAL

get the equivalence of the statements in the lemma. However we have assumed the Koszul property. Consequently, it remains to prove that b) implies the Koszul property. To that end, according to Corollary 7.3 it is necessary to establish that Homk(LiPhUPj) = 0 for fc ^ 0. We have Horn {LPi, Ljj) = Horn (Ll~JPt,Pj), and this by condition b) implies the desired result. The quiver algebras in Examples 5.1 and 5.3 are self-consistent. The quiver An, for > 2, gives an example of a Koszul algebra that is not self-consistent. By all evidence, the complexes K!2' are an interesting characteristic of an algebra. For the collection {<f(i)} on P", they are exact everywhere except the end. In the general case, the place where they are not exact (if there is only one) must have the form of a quantum super-grading. We go back now to the geometric case. 9. Strong exceptionality in the geometric case Let us denote by D- the full subcategory in Db(Sh(X)) generated by the complexes with homology concentrated in the positive dimensions. D- is denned analogously. Let us consider an exceptional pair (E,F) of objects of Db(Sh(X)).
LEMMA

9.1. a) Let be a sheaf [ e D^ D^) and F e D^. Then LEF e

b) Let F D^ D^ and e D^. Then RFE e D^. The proof follows immediately from considering the long exact sequence of the homology functor applied to the triangles determining mutations (1). Let J / = Db(Sh{X)), where I is a manifold of dimension n, and let = (,...,) be the exceptional collection consisting of sheaves and generating s/. We point out that the length of the collection is one greater then the dimension of the manifold.
ASSERTION 9.2. Mutations of the collection also consist of pure sheaves (i.e. complexes concentrated in the zero-component of the grading). PROOF. Since the collection generates a category, by Theorem 4.1, S = Sa is a helix in the sense of 4, i.e. a shift by the period of the helix tightens the sheaf into the canonical class (it is not possible to shift in the derived category, since the period is one greater than the dimension of the manifold). Thus, all the elements of the helix are pure sheaves. Using Lemma 9.1, we easily get that the iterated left mutations LksEt of the objects of the helix belong to D-, and that the repeated right k mutations R sEi belong to D-. But it follows from the definition of a helix that n k R^Ej - L s~ Ei+n+\. This means that RkEi e D- D^, i.e. that it is a pure sheaf. THEOREM

9.3. The collection is a strong exceptional collection.

PROOF. It is possible to attain, through mutations, that every two elements of the collection appear in succession without changing those elements. By Assertion 9.2 the new collection also consists of sheaves; therefore it is sufficient to verify the absence of higher Horn's between adjacent elements of the exceptional collection. Let (E,F) be an exceptional collection. Then Horn'(E,F) = Horn (F,RFE)*. Hence, if Homk{E,F) 0 for k > 0, then Hom~k(F,RFE) 0. Again, according to Proposition 9.2, F and RFE are pure sheaves and have no negative Horn'sa contradiction.

REPRESENTATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS

41

From 9.2 and 9.3, we derive the following:

COROLLARY

9.4. The mutations are strong exceptional collections.

According to 8, the algebra of homomorphisms of the elements of the collection is self-consistent and, in particular, Koszul. Besides the collection {&{i)} on P", Theorem 9.3 is also applicable to exceptional collections on odd-dimensional quadrics [17], [11]. It is necessary to modify the formulation of the theorem in order to be able to use it on even-dimensional quadrics and Grassmannians, where exceptional collections also exist [10]. Let s/i, i = 0,...,, be a collection of subcategories generating Db(Sh(X)), where X is a manifold of dimension n. Assume that H o m ( ^ , j ^ ) = 0 for / > j and that every category is generated by a collection of mutually orthogonal exceptional sheaves (E[,... ,-Ej): Horn (E'p,E^) = 0 for all and q. These data may be represented as an exceptional collection, completely decomposed into segments by the orthogonal sheaves occurring in one segment. The categories sft are admissible by Theorem 3.2, and therefore we can mutate them.
THEOREM 9.5. Under the formulated hypotheses, the collection {Ey. V/,j} is a strong exceptional collection. Its strong exceptionality is preserved under mutations through the categories s/j.

The proof is analogous to that of Theorem 9.3. REMARKS a) The number of categories is one greater than the dimension of the manifold. b) Under mutations through the subcategory s#i the exceptional objects occurring in the collection will be the pure sheaves. c) The claim of the theorem is no longer true if we mutate through some of the exceptional objects occurring in one category /,. The collections for quadrics and Grassmannians, as has been shown in [12], satisfy the conditions of the theorem, from which it immediately follows that the corresponding algebras are Koszul and self-consistent. In conclusion I would like to thank A. L. Gorodentsev, . . Kapranov, and I. A. Panin for numerous useful discussions, and also A. N. Rudakov and A. N. Tyurin for their attention and encouragement. Received 29/MAR/88
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. A. A. Beilinson, Coherent sheaves on P" and problems in linear algebra, Funktsional. Anal, i Prilozhen. 12 (1978), no. 3, 68-69; English transl. in Functional Anal. Appl. 12 (1978). 2. Alexandre [. .] Beilinson and Joseph Bernstein, Localisation de g-modules, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. I Math. 292 (1981), 15-18. 3. A. A. Beilinson, J. Bernstein, and P. Deligne, Faisceaux pervers, Analyse et Topologie sur les Espaces Singulier. I (Proc. Colloq., Luminy, 1981), Asterisque, vol. 100, Soc. Math. France, Paris, 1982. 4. I. N. Bernshtein [Joseph Bernstein], I. M. Gel'fand, and V. A. Ponomarev, Coxeter functors and Gabriel quivers, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 28 (1973), no. 2 (170), 19-33; English transl. in Russian Math. Surveys 28 (1973). 5. Sheila Brenner and M. C. R. Butler, Generalizations of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Ponomarev reflection functors, Representation Theory. II (Proc. Second Internat. Conf., Ottawa, 1979), Lecture Notes in Math., vol. 832, Springer-Verlag, 1980, pp. 103-169. 6. J. L. Verdier, Categories derivees Quelques resultats (etat 0), Seminaire de Geometrie Algebrique du Bois-Marie (SGA 4), Lecture Notes in Math., vol. 569, Springer-Verlag, 1977, pp. 262-311.

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7. A. L. Gorodentsev, Mutations of exceptional foliations on P", Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 52 (1988), 3-15; English transl. in Math. USSR Izv. 32 (1989). 8. A. L. Gorodentsev and A. N. Rudakov, Exceptional vector bundles on projective spaces, Duke Math. J. 54(1987), 115-130. 9. J.-M. Drezet and J. Le Potier, Fibres stables et fibres exceptionnels sur P 2 , Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. (4) 18(1985), 193-243. 10. . . Kapranov, On the derived category of coherent sheaves on Grassmann manifolds, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 48 (1984), 192-202; English transl. in Math. USSR Izv. 24 (1985). 11. , Derived category of coherent bundles on a quadric, Funktsional. Anal, i Prilozhen. 20 (1986), no. 2, 67; English transl. in Functional Anal. Appl. 20 (1986). 12. , On the derived categories of coherent sheaves on some homogeneous spaces, Invent. Math. 92 (1988), 479-508. 13. Robert MacPherson and Kari Vilonen, Elementary construction of perverse sheaves, Invent. Math. 84 (1986), 403-435. 14. Christian Okanek, Michael Schneider, and Heinz Spindler, Vector bundles on complex projective spaces, Birkhauser, 1980. 15. Stewart B. Priddy, Koszul resolutions, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 152 (1970), 39-60. 16. Jean-Pierre Serre, Faisceaux algebriques coherents, Ann. of Math. (2) 61 (1955), 197-278. 17. Richard G. Swan, K-theory of quadric hyperswfaces, Ann. of Math. (2) 122 (1985), 113-153. 18. A. N. Rudakov, Exceptional vector bundles on a quadric, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 52 (1988), 788-812; English transl. in Math. USSR Izv. 33 (1989). Translated by R. M. DIMITRIC