TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background .. B. Problem Statement CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. A. Conversation. B. Turn Taking .. C. Repairs .. D. Sequence of Conversation . CHAPTER III FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Finding .. B. Discussion . CHAPTER IV REFERENCE CONCLUSION . 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 9 14 14 18 19 20

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION A. Background

When most people are asked, "What is conversation?" they respond with some standard answer that it's the ability to share ideas with other people and to understand other people's ideas. Conversation is much more than that, though. Conversation is the ability to share who you are with other people and to discover who other people are as well. Conversation is a shifting target, though. What is conversation? When you put conversation in the context of a man and a woman who are talking it becomes a very powerful exchange medium. It allows them to reach out to each other in the marketplace of love and to make a connection. These connections and vary in strength. An initial connection can be very weak or very strong depending upon how you speak. A man who reaches out to a woman with weakness can't expect to find a very strong connection. He doesn't grasp the "what is conversation" question. He fails to understand that conversation is a starting point; it's a bridge in the gap between him and the woman he desires. Women love conversation. They'll never stumble over the question, "what is conversation". To them it's a platform to allow them to evaluate you for compatibility. They can talk to you and find out everything they need to know in a very short period of time. It allows them to "try you on" and see if you fit. Women love to shop and that's what they're doing when they talk to men. They're shopping. Remember, though, they shop, they try things on, but they only buy what they can't live without. If you want to be someone they can't live without you have to know the answer to "what is conversation". Conversation for you is a three minute presentation for a new position. You've already been screened and evaluated as a possible candidate. You must creatively reach out to that new opportunity and present yourself in an appealing way. Conversation allows you to present yourself in the best light so you'll get that position. You must be in control without seeming to be in control. By making her feel like she's in control but making her experience desirable feelings you retain control. Remember, sometimes less is more. I'm not talking about manipulating her against her will. I'm talking about working with her to lead her into a super experience with you.
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You'll know exactly how to do that with any woman the minute you understand and can clearly share the answer to "what is conversation". Conversation is inevitable in our daily life. We have no way to avoid using it as we have to communicate with others to achieve goals. Before knowing what analysis of conversation is, we should know more about the terms conversation. Pointed out that conversation can mean that people are talking with each other, just for the purpose of talking,, or it can be used to indicate any activity of interactive talk, independent of its purpose. In conversation, there are some natural patterns which are imperceptibly performed by people. For instance, turn taking, make silence, and transcribe conversation, B. Problem Statement Based on the explanation in background above, we formulates the questions as follow: 1) What does conversation mean? 2) Does the conversation contain turn taking in it?

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A.

Conversation

Stated by McCarthy, Matthiessen & Slade (2002), conversation analysis is concerned with the detailed organization of everyday conversation(pp. 60-61). In a theoretical definition, conversation analysis is a study of natural performance in conversation of people in order to achieve goals. It is strongly believed that the society will be impossible to operate without conversation. Thus, studies are carried out and data is abstracted from our daily life, such as card-game playing and court hearing. Conversation analysis (CA) was established by Harvey Sacks, who was inspired by listening how people introduce themselves in a suicide-avoiding hotline. He founded the discipline of conversation analysis and laid the seed of its development even after his sudden death. Conversation among people can have enormous influence to our society. It affects several aspects and thus a professional study should be carried out in order to know how it affects the society. The following is showing the aspects that conversation appears: a. Social life, e.g. People chats with family and friends. b. Business, e.g. companies list out conditions and make a deal. c. Healthcare, e.g. Doctors communicate with patients. d. Education, e.g. Teachers educates students in lesson. e. Leisure, e.g. Friends go cycling and talk about current situation. f. Politics, e.g. Leaders make use of convincing speech to gain support from nationals.

B. Turn-taking
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What is turn-taking? In conversation, there is usually a shift among speakers and listeners. That kind of activity in talking is called turn-taking. Turn-taking is also a kind of rules for people to follow when they decide who should be the next to talk. As pointed out by Khaire A. (2011), The person who speaks first becomes a listener as soon as the person addressed takes his or her turn in the conversation by beginning to speak. 1. Other-select After one speaks, he/she may want to listen certain peoples feedback. Thus, they will appoint someone to talk. Here is an example. Ben: Hey, it has been thousand years for not seeing you guys! How are you Joseph? Joseph: Fine. Just doing tons of preparation work. Im going to get marry! Sheldon, can you lend me your camera? I want to take photos on that day! Sheldon: Sure! Just call me later! 2. Self-select Speaking is a way to express ones opinion. When a person would like to voice, he/she might give some signals to show their preference, such as put up hand and stand up. Also, people prefer saying when others are in silence. As Wang (2011) stated, if no one is selected, they may speak of their own accord (p. 76) For example, after a talent show, the host is asking for opinion from audience. Host: Any volunteer would like to give some comments? Audience (Raise hand): Here! Host: Hi! What do you think? Audience: I really think that they have a terrific and memorable performance! I love them! 3. Continuous speaking If mentioned situations are not applied, the third choice of speaking would be carried out, which is continuous speaking. If no one wants to be the next to speak, the previous speaker may continue his/ her speech. Here is a situation in school: Ms Nina: Good morning class, can anyone remember what we have learnt in last lesson?
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Class: (Silence) Ms Nina: Okay. Maybe we do some revision first before todays teaching. 4. Overlapping During the turn-taking, it is usual to have overlapping. We seldom wait until other have finished speaking. There are usually two ways to interrupt others. First, it usually takes place when the first speaker finishes his/her main point. The second speaker will get in to the dialogue when the first person starts elaborating or slowing. Second, it will happens when the second person butts in earlier than might be expected. 5. Non-complete speaking Sometimes we speak with a long paragraph, it is better for us to give indicators and show the conversation is not yet finished. When someone do not want to pass the speaking to the next, he/she may raise their tone to show the incompletion. Others will know that they still have to wait until the tone goes down. Here is an lively example: Boss: Ken, how is your contract of C&A? Ken: Um.. Boss: I decided to let you leave {earlier} Ken: (delighted) Boss: {but} , I get a new idea now. * =Tone goes up 6. Get in the conversation It is quite unnatural when the topic changes. Thus, some special terms will be used in order to help people get in the normal flow. 7. Non-linguistic strategies (body language) Hutchby & Wooffit (1998) mentioned that, Effective turn-taking also involves nonlinguistic strategies, such as eye contact, body position/movements etc. Intonation and volume of voice may also function as turn-taking signals. (cited as wang, 2011, p. 77). 8. Listenership In order to show attention, listeners usually react with some back-channel signals.
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Well, sure, yeah are the usual examples. Listeners also have responsibility in a conversation. These kind of signals reflect that they are paying attention to the one who talks and they have received the message. At the same time, this kind of feedback is a way for people to avoid turn-taking as they do not want to talk. C. Repairs

Repair organization describes how parties in conversation deal with problems in speaking, hearing, or understanding (Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks, 1977). Repairs (corrections) are likely to occur when there is an overlap in turn-talking. The people who participate in a conversation would correct the mistakes during the conversation. The corrector could be yourselves (self repair) or others (other repair). Self repair means the speaker his/herself correct his/her utterance; while other repair means the listener corrects the speakers utterance. Repair is evident in conversation which shows that speakers are making efforts to tackle problems in interpreting and expressing the meaning in the conversation (Schegloff et al., 2002) to make sure that the conversation is smooth. Generally, there are four types of repair sequences: 1. Self-initiated self-repair: The speakers say something wrong or cannot find a word to use, they initiate the repair and correct themselves. Sometimes a short pause would occur during the conversation which is the thinking time. For example: A: Today's Monday right? [ Pause] A: Oops, no today's Tuesday. 2. Other-initiated self-repair: The recipients (listeners) initiate the repair and the speakers carry out the repair process. This would occur when the listener didnt understand or hear something from previous utterance of the speaker. For example: A: Lets have breakfast together. B: Pardon. A: I said lets have breakfast together. 3. Self-initiated other-repair: The speakers try to make others (listeners) to repair their utterance--for instance if a name is proving troublesome to remember.

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A: She is our new classmate, right? Her names umIris Tang. B: Her last name is Wong, not Tang. A: Right, Iris Wong. 4. Other-initiated other-repair: The recipients (listeners) hear something wrong from the utterance of the speaker and correct the speakers utterance. This is closes to what is conventionally called 'correction.'" A: The dead line of this essay is the 10th of November. We better starting doing it. B: the dead line is the 17th of November actually. A: Alright. The repair plays a vital role in conversation because it makes sure that the correct message is transmitted to the other and it help[s] to clarify misunderstandings and rectify problems that arise during a conversation (Wang, ). 5. Silence When people are talking, no matter chatting or having a speech, there would be pauses or gaps between the each sentence, which are called silences. There are different kinds of silence. Pauses are the smaller unit of silence, which mean shorter silent time and usually occur at margins of speakers turns or take place during the utterance of a single person only (Walker, 1985, p.61); while gaps have a longer silent time. According to Sacks et al. (1974), silence within a single turn is a pause; and silence which occurs at a transition relevance place (TRP) where speaker change is relevant is a gap (p. 715). a. Forms of silence (pauses/gaps) The form of silence, form micro units to macro units: 1. The pauses in intra-turn conversation 2. The pauses and gaps in inter-turn (switching) conversation 3. The silence of a person under illocutionary force 4. Temporary silence of people who do not hold the floor in interaction 5. The withdrawal of a person in a speech event 6. Silence of a group of participants in social / religious events 7.Discourse suppressed by a dominant force at various levels of social organization

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b. Functions of silence When a gap becomes a more extensive silence, it becomes a silence response and it is what we called attributable silence or meaningful silence. Silence response is people saying something without uttering a word. Different types of silence play different functions. These are the functions of silences: 1. Cognitive Pauses, hesitations for cognitive/language processing, the silence plays activating or inactivating functions. For example, after watching a movie or attending a speech, a person becomes speechless. The silence indicates the thinking process of a person; on the other hand, if a person remains quiet after watching a boring movie or attending a meaningless talk, it may indicate the mental inactivity of a person. 2. Discursive Marking boundaries of discourse Silence also has a discursive function, which indicates junctures and meaning or grammatical units in speech. Brown & Yule (1983) claim that units of speech defined by prosodic features such as tones are often followed by pauses, while Jaworski (1993) describes the discursive function of pauses as defining the boundaries of utterance (p. 12), 3. Social Negotiating and maintaining social distance Sometimes, the silence shows the inferiority of a person. For example, when a teacher questions a student about his/her academic work, like Why dont you put more effort on your own work?, usually the student remains silent. When a person questioning another person one-on-one, usually the questioner is in a superior position; while the respondent is in an inferior position. Means of social control through avoiding verbal interaction with specific individuals, the silence could be the linkage and plays an affective function.

Something remains untold but actually telling you something.

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It could be judgmental or serve a revelatory function. For example, after listening to your friends bad singing skills, your friend may ask you what do you think? and your silence is telling him/her that its not so good. Another example is that when your mother asks you have you finished your homework? you usually remain silent if you have not finished it yet. The silence in this situation means no although you are not saying it directly. All in all, we can see that the silence in speech is significant. The silence can exist without speech, but speech cannot exist without silence Silence takes on meaning only in a surrounding context of verbal and nonverbal symbols. (Johannesen 1974:26) D. Sequence of Conversation

There are different linguistic characteristics in a conversation, and one of them is sequence. Sequence is a structurally coherent collection of not necessarily successive utterances and utterance parts (Coulthard 76). Thats mean the utterances maintain a systematic structures despite the presence or absence of break. Sequence is a very important element to connect the conversation to the topic and help interact with the others and thus avoid miscommunication. In the following paragraph , we will discuss the use of sequences in conversation in two main types: adjacency pairs (Drew & Heritage, 2006) and the organization of preference.

1. Adjacency pairs An adjacency pair is a type of conversational turn-taking in which it consists of two complete units of speech (utterances) spoken by two speakers in turns. The first speakers utterance will initiate another speaker to construct an utterance to respond. There are many kinds of adjacency pairs in conversation, the following are some examples: (i) Offer-acceptance/ rejection A: Would you like to watch that movie with me tonight? (Offer) B: Sure! (Acceptance) A: Would you like to watch that movie with me tonight? (Offer) B: Im sorry that I cant because I have to celebrate my mums birthday tonight.
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(Rejection) (ii) Greeting- Reciprocal greeting A: Hello! B: Hello! A: How are you? B: Fine, thank you. (iii) Question-answer A: How much is this book? (Question) B: It costs one hundred dollars. (Answer) (iv) Complaint-excuse/ remedy A: That trash stinks! (Complaint) B: OK, I dump it right away. (Remedy) A: Its awfully hot here! (Complaint) B: Im sorry about that, because our air-cons are broken down. (Excuse) (v) Request-acceptance/ denial A: Can I copy your homework? (Request) B: I afraid not, I dont wanna be punished by professor. (Denial) A: Can I borrow your pen? (Request) B: Of course! (Acceptance) (vi) Degreeting-degreeting A: Goodbye! B: See you late! (vii) Exchange A: When will the lesson end? B: Around ten thirty. A: Gosh! How come? Theres still an hour left! Exchange is also a type of adjacency pairs, as we can see from the above example, adjacency pairs are not necessarily in pairs, and there can be more than two utterances. Normally, exchange follows the rule of IRF pattern, which represents Initiation, Response and Follow up. For the above example, the
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speaker A asks B a question, and after getting the response of B, A follow up the second speaker to give more comments about the issue they are discussing. This type of conversation is very typical in classroom teaching, when the teacher asks a question, a student answer and then the teacher will normally follow up the answer to explain and elaborate the answer in details. All in all, an adjacency pair has to be completed it there is a satisfactory and sensible response. For instance, A: Where do you live? B: Jakarta. This conversation is making sense that the respondent answers the place he or she lives. A: Where do you live? B: Todays sunny! The above conversation is non-sense that the respondent is talking about that days weather instead of answering the place he or she lives. 2. Organization of preference As we all know, not all people will give a positive response in a conversation, no matter in asking a question, making a request, or even greeting somebody, there is a chance to be rejected and get a negative response. For this situation, we can regard the answers in two main species: preferred responses and dis-preferred responses which stand for positive responses and negative responses respectively.

(i)

Preferred Responses

It is the response corresponding to the first utterance which is agreeing to the first speaker. And generally, the reaction time spent to give this response is relatively fast and direct and also there should be no doubt and delay. According to Pomerantz (1984a, p. 64); cf Sacks (1987), an agreeing response is an immediate and explicit statement of a compatible second assessment. (ii) Dis-preferred Response

It is the response corresponding to the first utterance which is disagreeing to the first speaker. According to Pomerantz' data, a disagreeing response is a delayed and non-explicit statement of an incompatible second assessment.
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a dis-preferred response is generally avoiding the first part of the conversation and can be easily differentiated by three features. (I) Delay The respondent intends to give a negative response to the first speaker by lengthening the reaction time to generate an embarrassing atmosphere. e.g. A: Can you do me a favor? B: Um [pause] Im afraid not. (II) Prefaces It is an audible device that can help reject or give a negative response to the first speaker. Words like well, token agreement, indication of appreciation, apology, or qualification and self-repair can be found as features to identify prefaces. All of the abovementioned features can be found in the following example sentence. e.g. umyeah, thanks, but youI mean, Ill just do it myself. Account It is a further explanation on why a dis-preferred response is given to the first speaker. e.g. A: Would you come to my home tonight? B: Well no; I gotta finish my essay tonight. The response I gotta finish my essay tonight. is an account to the adjacency pair that speaker B is explaining why he refuse the invitation.

(III)

After all, there are actually some norms that we have to stick with when we are having a conversation with the others. We have to give a polite response to the people that we are talking with in order to carry out an effective conversation that can help exchanging information and avoid any unnecessary miscommunication and mistakes.

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CHAPTER III
FINDING AND DISCUSSION This chapter about finding and discussion. The finding of this paper reveals the description of the result of extract analysis about the turn taking in conversation. A. Finding

Transcription symbols: [ ] : Square brackets mark the start and end of overlapping speech CAPITALS : Speech that is obviously louder than surrounding speech (3.0) : Number in round brackets measure pauses in seconds . : A micro pause : : emphasis , : Commas mark weak rising or continuing intonation Extract I: Talking to a friend This extract is a conversation between two students in the class of English of First Semester. The speaker are Popi as P(20) and Fyra as V(20), they are talking about Corruption in Indonesia. 1. P : hello vir how are you 2. V: hi fine (2.0) 3. P : and me [oh yes Im fine too 4. V: [hehehe 5. V: and YOU 6. P : yeah, m::: e:: do you know Indonesia there so many government that corruption so what do you think about their corruption in our country 7. V : e::: according in my mind corruption in our country we can say a culture of our country you know that e:: why say like that 8. P : why. 9. V : You can say all the government in our country all do that o:: the government of our country Indonesia specially o: what is it corruption.

In the above extract, the two speakers used several types of Turn Taking one of the example of pauses are hi fine (2.0) in line 2, why. In line 8 and You can say all the government in our country all do that o:: the government of our country Indonesia specially o: what is it corruption. In line 9.
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The analysis of the extract above that contain of pause can be explain that According to Sacks et al. (1974), silence within a single turn is a pause; and silence which occurs at a transition relevance place (TRP) where speaker change is relevant is a gap. One example of pause on the extract is in line 2 when the speaker V said hi fine (2.0) the speaker V has silent or pauses which occurs at a transition of change to the next speaker. Another types of turn taking of the emphasis example are yeah, m::: e:: do you know Indonesia there so many government that corruption so what do you think about their corruption in our country in line 6, e::: according in my mind corruption in our country we can say a culture of our country you know that e:: why say like that in line 7, and You can say all the government in our country all do that o:: the government of our country Indonesia specially o: what is it corruption. In line 9. For the analysis of the emphasis that occur in the extract above can be shown in one of the example such like in line 6 when the speaker P said yeah, m::: e:: do you know Indonesia there so many government that corruption so what do you think about their corruption in our country. The speaker doing emphasis to think what the next she will say thats why she doing that while thinking. We can found another types of turn taking of overlapping example are and me [oh yes Im fine too in line 3 and [hehehe in line 4. The analysis of the overlapping has explained in previous chapter that during the turn-taking, it is usual to have overlapping. We seldom wait until other has finished speaking. Such like in line 3, P said and me [oh yes Im fine too. In this line the speaker P interrupt and remain the other speaker thats why she cuts the speaking of the first speaker. From the above transcript we can see that the script is showing the dialogue between two students that show any types of turn taking such as Pausing, emphasis and overlapping. Extract II: Talking to a friend This extract is a conversation between two students in the class of English of First Semester. The speaker are Popi as P(20) and Vyra as V(20), they are talking about Corruption in Indonesia.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

: to do corruption : yes to do corruption I mean : I mean what is the what is the purpose of the government do that : m::: : I think if they if the reason is a economic I think that is wrong just the government have money have have a. 6. V : May like that talk about economy may be its not (3.0) is not the reason of our government but when the people say (look the much money hmm::: may be the positive think of them can (2.0) can to be the negative think to (2.0) to what is it (3.0) 7. P : YEAH 8. V : It same. 9. P : I know I know I know [but (3.0) 10 V : [but what you do you think about economy in our country 11. P : actually from me this is a (3.5) this is our fact Indonesia the government the government Indonesia think that corruption is usually think I mean they do it just same like hello, this is all people do so is this negative think no I mean the government usually think that and than (2.0) right that you say before that even our culture [and you know that Indonesia is the number three of people corruption in the world number three. 12. V : [is our culture yes of course

P V P V P

In the above extract, the two speakers used several types of Turn Taking one of the example of pauses are I think if they if the reason is a economic I think that is wrong just the government have money have have a. in line 5, May like that talk about economy may be its not (3.0) is not the reason of our government but when the people say (look the much money hmm::: may be the positive think of them can (2.0) can to be the negative think to (2.0) to what is it (3.0) In line 6, It same. In line 8, I know I know I know [but (3.0) in line 9 and actually from me this is a (3.5) this is our fact Indonesia the government the government Indonesia think that corruption is usually think I mean they do it just same like hello, this is all people do so is this negative think no I mean the government usually think that and than (2.0) right that you say before that even our culture [and you know that Indonesia is the number three of people corruption in the world number three. In line 11. Another types of turn taking of the emphasis example are m::: in line 4, and May like that talk about economy may be its not (3.0) is not the reason of our
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government but when the people say (look the much money hmm::: may be the positive think of them can (2.0) can to be the negative think to (2.0) to what is it (3.0) in line 6. We can found another types of turn taking of overlapping example are : actually from me this is a (3.5) this is our fact Indonesia the government the government Indonesia think that corruption is usually think I mean they do it just same like hello, this is all people do so is this negative think no I mean the government usually think that and than (2.0) right that you say before that even our culture [and you know that Indonesia is the number three of people corruption in the world number three. in line 11 and [is our culture yes of course in line 12. From the above transcript we can see that the script is showing the dialogue between two students that show any types of turn taking such as Pausing, emphasis and overlapping.

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Extract III: Talking to a friend This extract is a conversation between two students in the class of English of First Semester. The speaker are Popi as P(20) and Vyra as V(20), they are talking about Corruption in Indonesia. 1. V 2. P 3. V 4. P : I wanna ask you as a generation of our country may be some a (2.0) what is : [later : [yes I mean later will be a staying the government a would you like that (2.0) do that] : no (2.0) of course no we know and we we:: this is happen in Indonesia and we as a human being as a society realize that oh my God the government early make their self become poor e:: I mean [rich yes : [rich : and would you like a poor man in our country so I think we have to start our positive think begun from us young generation : may be they are rich people they are rich one in our country but their (2.0) activity is not that because their e::: (3.0) they get their money from the bad action : something bad thing yeah,

5. V 6. P 7. V

8. P

In the above extract, the two speakers used several types of Turn Taking one of the example of pauses are I wanna ask you as a generation of our country may be some a (2.0) what is in line 1, [yes I mean later will be a staying the government a would you like that (2.0) do that] In line 3, no (2.0) of course no we know and we we:: this is happen in Indonesia and we as a human being as a society realize that oh my God the government early make their self become poor e:: I mean [rich yes In line 4, and may be they are rich people they are rich one in our country but their (2.0) activity is not that because their e::: (3.0) they get their money from the bad action in line 7. Another types of turn taking of the emphasis example are no (2.0) of course no we know and we we:: this is happen in Indonesia and we as a human being as a society realize that oh my God the government early make their self become poor e:: I mean [rich yes in line 4, and may be they are rich people they are rich one in our country but their (2.0) activity is not that because their e::: (3.0) they get their money from the bad action In line 7. We can found another types of turn taking of overlapping example are [later in
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line 2, [yes I mean later will be a staying the government a would you like that (2.0) do that] in line 3, no (2.0) of course no we know and we we:: this is happen in Indonesia and we as a human being as a society realize that oh my God the government early make their self become poor e:: I mean [rich yes in line 4, and [rich in line 5. From the above transcript we can see that the script is showing the dialogue between two students that show any types of turn taking such as Pausing, emphasis and overlapping. B. Discussion

Based on the description of the extract analysis from the tree transcription of two students dialogue above we found 3 types of turn taking such as Pauses, Emphasis and Overlapping that show us kind of activity in talking that called Turn Taking.

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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
1. conversation is a social activity involving two or more participants who talk about something. We can see that having conversation is an important element to socialize with the others in the society effectively. In this chapter, we can actually analyze a set of conversation by looking into different features of the dialogues. For example, the turn-taking strategies, overlapping, repairs, silences, the sequencing of conversation, etc. Apart from that, the transcription of conversation is also a vital element in analyzing conversation, since this can let the people realize the way people organize a conversation and the reasons behind. In conversation, there is usually a shift among speakers and listeners. That 2. kind of activity in talking is called turn-taking. Turn-taking is also a kind of rules for people to follow when they decide who should be the next to talk.

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REFERENCE

Antaki, Charles (2011). An introductory tutorial in Conversation Analysis. Retrieved from http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~ssca1/intro1.htm http://digilib.petra.ac.id/viewer.php? page=1&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&qual=high&fname=/jiunkpe/s1/sing/2003/jiunkpens-s1-2003-11499001-1208-conversation-chapter1.pdf http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/transcription/ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/turn-taking-in-linguistics.html http://www.mississippitokorea.com/tag/conversation-analysis/

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