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Mitosis
Meiosis
The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: G2 phase; prophase; prometaphase
The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: metaphase; anaphase; telophase and cytokinesis
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 2 chromatid
1. mother cell give 2 daughter cells 2. Each daughter cell have : : The same number of chromosome equal to mother cell : Set of chromosome equal to mother cell 5 : Genetic material as the same as mother cell
OBJECTIVES
. 1. Describe events associated with meiosis 2. Distinguish the phases of meiosis on permanent slides Plants : slides Lilium anther and Lilium ovary Animal : Grasshopper's testis, Crayfish's testis and frog's testis 4. Stain and examine chromosomes squashes in Chinese chive's flower 2n = 4
( Diploid)
Meiosis
Reduction
n=2
(Haploid)
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Ovary
Male cones
Female cones
Frog
Male Female
Human
Male Female
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Diploid cell Haploid cell
Interphase
Similar to those of mitosis but occur in sex organ Interphase is composed of
: G1 (gap phase 1) time of cell growth : S phase synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) 2 sister chromatids are produced : G2 (gap phase 2) growth and preparation for meiosis
G1
Meiosis
S , G2
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 1 chromatid
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids
Interphase
nucleus
Prophase I
Differs from prophase of mitosis
due to
Mitosis
Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes come to lie side by side in a pairing process called synapsis. nucleolus
synapsis.
Each pair of synapsed chromosomes is called a bivalent (two chromosomes) or a tetrad (four chromatids) chromatin : Genetic material dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin : Thin chromatin strands commonly appear as amorphous granular material : Presence of nuclear membrane and nucleolus
The events of prophase I can be subdivided into five stages 1. Leptotene 2. Zygotene 3. Pachytene 4. Diplotene 5. Diakinesis
Prophase I
1.1 Leptotene or Leptonema (slender ribbon)
Nucleolus
bivalent tetrad
: Chromosomes condense : Homologous chromosomes come to lie side by side in a pairing process called synapsis : Each pair of synapsed chromosomes is called a bivalent (two chromosomes) or a tetrad (four chromatids)
: Chromosomes more condense : Nonsister chromatids of a tetrad crossover, called this phenomena crossing over resulting in an exchange of genetic material called genetic recombinant : The point of exchange appears as a cross-shaped figure called a chiasma
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids
: The paired of homologous chromosomes separate : The chromosomes themselves uncoil a bit : The homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at chiasmata
: The final stage of the first prophase of meiosis : The chromosomes reach their maximal condensation at this stage : The nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear : The spindle fiber reform
Metaphase I
Mitosis : Metaphase
Meiosis I : Metaphase I
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
haploid, n
Mitosis: Anaphase
Meiosis I : Anaphase I
: The homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles : The centromeres do not separate, but continue hold sister chromatids together ,so each chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids : This stage reduces the chromosome number from the diploid (2n) to the haploid (n) state.
4n = 8
1 Chromosome has 1 Chromatids
2n = 4
1 Chromosome has 2 Chromatids
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Metaphase
Metaphase I
Anaphase
Anaphase I
: Chromosomes have reached their polar destinations : Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms : Cytokinesis occurs
After Mitosis
After Meiosis I
2n = 4
2n = 4
n=2
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids
1. Mother cell
give 2 haploid daughter cells 2. Each haploid daughter cell have : : The number of chromosomes reduced by half of mother cell : Each chromosome has two chromatid ( diad chromosome ) : Set of chromosome reduced by half of mother cell : Genetic material may be or may not be uniformly
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 1 chromatids
2n = 4
n=2
n=2
Prophase II
n=2
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids ( Diad chromosome )
Short Interkinesis
: Chromosomes may uncoil and return to an interphase-like condition with reformation of a nuclear membrane : No DNA synthesis occurs during interkinesis.
No short Interkinesis
: The chromosomes recondense. : Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear : Spindle fiber reform : Each chromosome has 2 chromatids ( Diad chromosome)
Metaphase II
Prophase II Metaphase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Anaphase II
n=2
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids ( Diad chromosome )
2n = 4
1 chromosome has 1 chromatids ( Monad chromosome
: Chromosome more condense : The individual chromosomes have lined up on the equatorial plane
: The centromeres of each chromosome separate : Spindle fiber separate sister chromatids to be pulled apart (now, referred to again as chromosomes)
Telophase II
Anaphase II Telophase II
After finish Telophase II Begin with each haploid daughter cell n=2
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids ( Diad chromosome )
n=2
: Chromosomes begin to uncoil : Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus : Spindle fiber degenerate
1 chromosome has 1 chromatids ( Monad chromosome )
Conclution : Meiosis
n=2
1 chromosome has 2 chromatids ( Diad chromosome )
n=2
1 chromosome has 1 chromatids ( Monad chromosome )
: From 1 diploid mother cell gives four haploid progeny cells : The number of chromosomes reduced by half of mother cell : Set of chromosome reduced by half of mother cell : Genetic material may not be uniformly of either maternal or paternal origin
Why meiosis division have to reduce set of chromosome and number of chromosome
involved
41
Fertilization
Why meiosis division have to reduce set of chromosome and number of chromosome
Why meiosis division have to reduce set of chromosome and number of chromosome
Haploid sperm
Diploid dad
n=3
2n = 6
46 Diploid zygote
?
92
2n = 6
Haploid egg
Diploid mom
n=3
Equal to parent
2n = 6
After fertilization
Genetic variation
46
Metaphase II
(2n) 22 = 4
47
(2n) 22 = 4
FERTILIZATION
Testis Ovary
50
52
Global warming
Genetic variation
Survival
Global warming
EXTINCTION!!
No genetic variation
Squash technique 1
HCl 10 min
4
Tease the tissue apart with dissecting needles
Bring the anther part of Chinese chive's flower on a clean slide. Add a drop of 5% HCl and leave for 5-10 min.to causing cell wall to be softed and easily for squashing
5
Cover with a coverslip
2 6
Break up the tissue with a dissecting needle
3
6 stamens, a single slender style
Add a drop of aceto-orcein stain the tissue for 3-5 min.
Spread the cells out by gently pressing down on the coverslip with your finger or a pencil eraser
7
Gently pass the slide over a flame , then use microscope focus on low power, and then switch to medium or high power to find meiosis I and meiosis II
Result
Microspore
Grasshopper testis
Frog testis
Crayfish testis
Grasshopper's testis
Several lobes of the grasshopper's testis
Spermatids
Pachytene
Diakinesis
heads tails
Further elongate
Mature sperm
Frog testis
Seminiferous tubule
Sperm ( Spermatozoa )
Prophase II
A
Prophase I
Lilium sp.
2(n)
2 ( 3n )