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Surface waters

Lorena, BCMSG, Summer 2012

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What is a river system?

Photo source: USGS Yukon River Basin Studies


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Dene tributary
Streams and smaller rivers that ow into bigger rivers are called tributaries. Tributaries ow down toward the main river because they are pulled by the force of gravity.

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What is a river system?


A system is a set of connected parts that work together to become a whole. A river and all the streams and smaller rivers that ow into it together make up a river system.

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Dene watershed
All the water in a river system drains into one main river. The land area that supplies the water to a river system is called a watershed. Watersheds are sometimes known as drainage basins.

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Major watersheds
#1. Columbia River Watershed #3. Missouri River Watershed #4. Mississipi River Watershed

#2. Colorado River Watershed


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#5. Ohio River Watershed

New Yorks Watersheds


New York has 17 watersheds. Which one do you think we belong to?

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Dene divide
What keeps watersheds separate from one another? One watershed is separated from another watershed by a ridge of land called a divide. The Great Divide (also known as The Continental Divide) is the longest divide in North America.
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How do divides separate watersheds?


Divides are natural barriers. They keep water from all watersheds from joining just one large river. Different rivers empty into different oceans.
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What are ponds & Lakes?

Photo Source: Lake George - www.visitlakegeorge.com


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Pond demo questions

How are the plants different from algae? How are the plants alike from algae? How are plants and algae important parts of their habitats?

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Where does pond & Lake water come from?


Unlike streams and rivers, ponds and lakes contain still water (water that doesnt ow). Some ponds and lakes get their water from rainfall, melting snow, and runoff. Some get water from rivers or groundwater. Ponds and lakes form when water collects in hollows and low areas of lands.
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What Are ponds & Lakes?

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Venn Diagram
Ponds Sample: Shallower, sunlight reaches the bottom Sample: Contains still water Lakes Sample: Deeper, darker, colder, has large sh

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What are 3 types of lakes?

1) Glacier lakes - some lakes were formed in depressions created by ice sheets that melted. 2) Rift valley lakes - some lakes were created by movements of the Earths crust that formed deep valleys. 3) Volcanic lakes - some lakes were formed by volcanoes. Lava or mud can block rivers, and lakes can also form in empty volcano craters.

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How can lakes change?


Natural processes and human activities can cause lakes to disappear. As lake organisms die, bacteria break down the bodies and release nutrients into the water. Over time, nutrients can build up in the lake in a proces called eutrophication. Humans can cause eutrophication too. Fertilizer from farms run off into ponds and lakes.

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Sequence Diagram

Organisms release wastes and nutrients into the water. Dead organisms pile up in the bottom of the lake, making it shallower. Over time, the lake becomes lled in, forming a meadow.

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