88 Volume 7 / Number 1 / 2012

technics technologies education management

Abstract
Co-channel interIerence infuence on the sys-
tem performances of wireless communication sys-
tem operating over kappa-mu fading channels is
examined in this work. Closed-form expressions
are derived for bit error rates over some coherent
and non-coherent frequency and phase- shift key-
ing modulation schemes in interference limited
system. Selection diversity reception effect on the
performance improvement for various values of
fading severity is also investigated.
Key words:. - Iading, CCI, SIR, space di-
versity, ABER.
1. Introduction
Multipath fading phenomena, a major source
of performance drawback in a communication en-
vironment, remarkably affects wireless communi-
cation systems performances [1-3]. It is modeled
by several distributions including Weibull, Naka-
gami-m and Rice [4]. By considering two impor-
tant effects inherent to radio propagation, kappa-
mu fading model was recently proposed in [5] as
a fading model which describes the short-term
signal variation in the presence of line-of-sight
(LOS) components. This distribution is more real-
istic than other special distributions, since its deri-
vation is completely based on a non-homogeneous
scattering environment. Also kappa-mu as general
physical fading model which includes Rayleigh,
Rician, and Nakagami-m fading models as special
cases |6- 7|. As its name implies, it is written in
terms oI two physical parameters, namely and .
The parameter is related to the multipath cluster-
ing, whereas the parameter is the ratio between
the total power of the dominant components and
the total power of the scattered waves [8].
Frequency reuse is necessary for increasing
landmobile radio systems spectrum eIfciency
[9]. However, it also causes appliance of co-chan-
nel interIerence which is usually more signifcant
drawback than the front-end Gaussian noise.
Co-channel interference is also subject to mul-
tipath fading and is necessary to incorporate this
effect in assessing the performance of the commu-
nication system. In interference limited fading envi-
ronment systems, signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
based performance analysis is the most effective
performance criterion, since SIR can be measured
in real time both in base stations and in mobile sta-
tions using specifc SIR estimators |10-11|.
Average bit error probability is standard mea-
surement for determining wireless system perfor-
mances over channel condition. Broad class of
coherent, and non-coherent modulation schemes
over kappa-mu channels are given in closed form
expressions in [12]. of interference limited sys-
tems in the kappa-mu fading environment has not
so far been discussed in the literature.
An approach to the co-channel interference
infuence analysis on the average error probabil-
ity of wireless systems operating over kappa-mu
fading channels will be presented in this work.
Infnite series expressions are provided Ior the av-
erage probability of error over some modulation
schemes in interference limited system. The ef-
fect of selection diversity on the performance im-
provement for various values of fading severity
and system parameters was also discussed.
2. System model
The desired signal envelope in a kappa-mu fad-
ing channel follows the probability density func-
tion (pdf) given by [12] as:
The CCI effect on system performance in
Kappa-Mu fading channels
Mihajlo Stefanovic
1
, Sinisa Minic
2
, Sasa Nikolic
1
, Stefan R. Panic
3
, Milos Peric
1
, Dragan Radenkovic
1
,

Milan
Gligorijevic
4
1
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia,
2
Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Pristina, Leposavic, Serbia,
3
Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Pritina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia,
4
Ministry of Interiour, Republic of Serbia, Beograd, Serbia.
89
technics technologies education management
Volume 7 / Number 1 / 2012




2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2 1
( )
1
2
d
d d
d
d
d
d
d d
d
k R
d d
R
k
d d
d d
d
d
k R
p R e
k e
k k R
I

O
(

(
O
(

.. (1)
where
d
= E [R
2
], is the desired signal average
power, I
0
(x) is the zero-th order modifed Bessel
Iunction oI the frst kind.
Similarly the inter-channel interference enve-
lope in a kappa-mu fading channel follows:




2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2 1
( )
1
2
c
c c
c
c
c
c
c c
c
k r
c c
r
k
c c
c c
c
c
k r
p r e
k e
k k r
I

O
(

(
O
(

.. (2)
with parameters defned in similar manner.
Since we are discussing an interference-limited
system, the effect of noise could be ignored. In
this case it can be shown that the instantaneous
signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), l=R
2
/r
2
, has the
pdf [13]:

0 0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
R r
p t p r t p r rdr
t

) )
........... (3)
After substituting (1) and (2) into (3), we derive:



1 2 2
0 0
( )
! !
1 1 ( )
1 1
d c d c
d d c c
d c
d c
p q p q p q
d c d c
k k
p q
d c
p q
d c d c
p q
d d c c
S k k
p
e p p q q
k k p q
k S k
+ + + +

+

+ +
+ + +
|
=

I + I +
\
|
+ + I + + +
|
|
+ + +
.
__
....................................... (4)
with S
d
/
c
being the average-signal to aver-
age interference power ratio (SIR), which is useful
in determining the co-channel reduction factor in
systems with frequency reuse.
Following [13], the cumulative distribution
function (cdf) of l can be obtained as:





0 0
2 1
( )
( )
! !
1
1 1
1
,1 ; 1;
1 1
d d c c
d
p q p q
d c d c d c
k k
p q
d c
p
d d
d d c c
d
d d
d c d
d d c c
k k p q
F t
e p p q q
k
k S k
p
k
F p q p
k S k

+

+
I + + +

I + I +

+ | |
|
+ + +
\ .

+
+ | |(
+ + +
|(
|
+ + +
\ .
__

....................................... (5)
3. Average probability of error (ABER)
In an interference-limited environment, the
average probability of bit error can be derived by
averaging the conditional error probability P
e
over
the pdf of SIR:


_
0
( ) e
e
P P p d

=
)
.................. (6)
For a non-coherent frequency shift keying
(NCFSK) or a differential phase-shift keying
(DPSK) system, the conditional probability of er-
ror for a given SIR, l , is given by P
e
=1/2 exp (-l),
with 1 Ior binary PSK, and with 1/2 Ior bi-
nary FSK. After substituting (4) into (6), by using
[9] previous can be easily written as :



_
0 0
( )
2 ! !
1
; ;
1
d d c c
p q p q
d c d c d c
e
k k
k l
c
c c
d c
d d
k k p q
P
e p q q
S k
p q
k

+

I + + +

I +

o + | |(
+
|(
+
\ .
__
....................................... (7)
where (a,b,x) is the confuent hypergeomet-
ric function of the second kind [15].
For a coherent system, the conditional prob-
ability of error may be expressed in terms of the
confuent hypergeometric Iunction |16| as:
1 1
1 1 1 3
e ( ) 1 2 ; ;
2 2 2 2
e
P rfc F
| | o
| |
= o = o
| |
t \ .
\ .
....................................... (8)
90 Volume 7 / Number 1 / 2012
technics technologies education management
Similary as previous after substituting (4) into
(8), we obtain:







_
0 0 0
2 1
1
2 2 2
1 2
3
2
! 1 ! 1 !
2
1 1 ( )
! !
1
1 1
1
,1 ; 1;
d d c c
d
k
k
e
p q k
k
k k p k q k p q k
d c d c d c d c
k k
c d
p
d d
d d c c
d
d d
d c d
k l
P
p k k l l
k k k k S p q
e p q p q
k
k S k
p
k
F p q p



+
+
| |
o I + +
|
o
\ .
=
t | |
I + I +
|
\ .
+ + I + + +

I + I +
+ | |
|
+ + +
\ .

+
+
+ + +

___

1 1
d d c c
k S k
| |
|
|
+ + +
\ .
....................................... (9)
where (a)
p
is the Pochhammer symbol [15] and
was previously defned Ior required modulation
techniques.
Figure 1. Average error probability versus aver-
age SIR for binary DPSK in kappa-mu fading en-
vironment for various values of system parameters
4. Selection diversity reception
Fading and co-channel effects mitigation could
be obtained by usage of space diversity reception
techniques. They are upgrading transmission reli-
ability without increasing transmission power and
bandwidth, while also increasing channel capac-
ity. Based on complexity, there are several princi-
pal types of space diversity reception and selec-
tion combining (SC) is one of the least compli-
cated. In fading environments where the level of
the inter-channel interIerence is suIfciently high
as compared to the thermal noise (cellular sys-
tems), SC selects the branch with the highest SIR.
In multi-branch SC diversity system with uncor-
related branches, the pdf of the SIR at the output
of the receiving structure is given by:

1 1
j k
N N
j k
k j
p t p t F t


=

_ [

................... (10)
with N denoting the number of branches.
In Figures 1 - 2 space diversity reception effect
on the average error probability versus average
SIR for binary DPSK and NCFSK in a kappa-mu
fading environment for various values of system
parameters are presented. Balanced input SIR (S
1
= S
2
= S), system was observed.
Here we can observe obvious upgrading of sys-
tem performances when diversity is present (case
of two diversity branches). For example, when we
are considering same transmitted power (i.e. S

=
5 dB), we can observe that for the case of dual
diversity reception, average error probability sig-
nifcantly decreases. Similarly, considering the
same average error probability value at the recep-
tion (i. e. 10
-2
), we can see that we receive gain
in transmitted power of about 8 dB for the dual
diversity case. Finally, we can conclude from the
fgures that Ior higher values oI Iading severity pa-
rameters and better perIormances are obtained
(system performances deteriorates).
Figure 2. Average error probability versus aver-
age SIR for binary DPSK in kappa-mu fading en-
vironment for various values of system parameters
91
technics technologies education management
Volume 7 / Number 1 / 2012
5. Conclusions
Closed form expressions for the bit error rates
of interference-limited wireless communication
system over some modulation schemes were in-
vestigated in this paper. The desired signal as well
as the interference were assumed to be subject
to kappa-mu fading. Since kappa-mu, as general
physical fading model, includes Rayleigh, Rician,
and Nakagami-m fading models as special cases
this analysis has high level of generality. Effects
of SC diversity reception on system performance
was discussed. Also, effects of various parameters
such as fading severity and system parameters
were also presented discussed.
A1. Appendix
Defning the instantaneous signal-to-interIer-
ence ratio (SIR) as l=R
2
/r
2
, the pdf of SIR can be
obtained as [13]:

0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
R r
p t p r t p r rdr
t

)
......... (A.1)
Substituting (1) and (2) in (A.1), with respect
to well-known series representation oI modifed
Bessel function:

2
2
0
( )
2 ! ( 1)
v k
v v k
k
z
I z
k v k

I + +
_

........... (A.2)
results in:

2 2 2 2 1
1
0 0
0
2 2
( )
1 1
exp exp
d c
p q
k l
d d c c
d c
p t C r
k k
r r dr

+ + +

+ + | | | |

| |
O O
\ . \ .
__
)
.................................... (A.3)
Let S
d
/
c
denote the average SIRs value.
Finally, by using well-known defnition oI
Gamma function (A.4) can be written as:



1 2 2
0 0
( )
! !
1 1 ( )
1 1
d c d c
d d c c
d c
d c
p q p q p q
d c d c
k k
p q
d c
p q
d c d c
p q
d d c c
S k k
p
e p p q q
k k p q
k S k
+ + + +

+

+ +
+ + +
|
=

I + I +
\
|
+ + I + + +
|
|
+ + +
.
__
.................................... (A.4)
A2. Appendix
CDF of output SIR could be derived from:

0
( ) ( )
t
F t p x dx

)

................. (A.5)
by substituting (4) into (A.6), we obtain the fol-
lowing expression:




2 2
0 0
1
0
1 1
( )
!
( )
!
1 1
d c
c d c
d d c c
d
d c
p q
q p q p q
d c d c d c
k k
k l
d
t p
d c
p q
c
d d c c
S k k k k
F t
e p p
p q x
dx
q q
x k S k
+ +
+ + +

+

+
+ + +
+ +

I +
I + + +
I +
+ + +
__
)
.................................... (A.6)
Previous integral can easily be solved, us-
ing the well-known defnition oI incomplete beta
function:

1
0
1 1
, ;
1
, 0, 0, 0, 0
m
m p
n
z p
n
n
n
x a a m m
B p
n b n n
a bx
b m
z a b n p
a b n

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

+
! ! !
+
)
.................................... (A.7)
By using the famous relationship between in-
complete beta and
2
F
1
hypergeometric function:

z a b a F
a
z
b a B
a
z
, 1 , 1 , ,
1

........... (A.8)
and after straightforward manipulations we ob-
tain CDF in the form of (5)
92 Volume 7 / Number 1 / 2012
technics technologies education management
A3. Appendix
Considering the cases of NCFSK and DPSK
transmission system, the bit error rate for a given
SIR, l , can be calculated from: output SIR could be
derived from (6). By substituting (4) into (AIII.1),
we obtain the following expression:



2 2
_
0 0
1
0
1 1 ( )
2 ! !
exp( )
1 1
d c
c d c
d d c c
d
d c
p q
q p q p q
d c d c d c d c
e
k k
k l
d c
p
p q
d d c c
S k k k k p q
P
e p p q q
x gx
dx
x k S k
+ +
+ + +

+

+
+ + +
+ + I + + +

I + I +

+ + +
__
)
.................................... (A.9)
Previous integral can easily be solved, by using
[16]:

1
0
exp 1 ( ) ( , 1 , )
v q q
p
x px ax dx a q q q v
a

+ = I + +
)

................................. (A.10)
Acknowledgemnt
This work has been funded by the Serbian Min-
istry of Science under the project III 044006.
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Corresponding Author
Mihajlo Stefanovic,
Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
University of Nis,
Nis,
Serbia,
E-mail: ttem_bih@yahoo.com