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Copyright
Copyright 2004 Verso Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication, including text, examples, diagrams, or icons, may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, manual, optical or otherwise, for any purpose, without prior written permission of Verso Technologies, Inc. Information in this publication is subject to change without notice. Verso Technologies, Inc. may have patents or pending patents applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this publication. The furnishing of this document does not give you license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.
Trademarks
NetPerformer, PowerCell, SkyPerformer, ACTview, Clarent OpenAccess, Clarent Command Center, Clarent ThroughPacket, Clarent BHG, Clarent C4CM and C5CM are trademarks or registered trademarks of Verso Technologies, Inc. All other trademarks, registered trademarks and service marks are the property of their respective owners.
November, 2004 Document Part Number 620-0097-001 Revision E Verso Technologies, Inc. 400 Galleria Parkway, Suite 300 Atlanta, GA 30339 USA Telephone: +1 (678) 589-3500 Fax: +1 (678) 589-3750 Email: Info.NetPerformer@verso.com Web: http://www.Verso.com http://www.NetPerformer.com NetPerformer Technical Support: Telephone (direct): +1 (450) 619-2279 Email: NetPerformerSupport@verso.com
Contents
NetPerformer Design Guide Revision ..................................................................................................................... 4 NetPerformer Overview........................................................................................................................................... 4 The feature-rich NetPerformer is able to: ............................................................................................................ 4 NetPerformer LAN/WAN Support ........................................................................................................................ 5 Other data-handling capabilities of the NetPerformer include:............................................................................ 5 LAN/WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................................................ 6 NetPerformer Voice Support................................................................................................................................ 6 Voice Interfaces ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Throughput and Bandwidth Planning ...................................................................................................................... 8 Applications ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Point-to-Point Multiplexing/Switching ..................................................................................................................... 9 IP Routing/Bridging ............................................................................................................................................. 9 SNA Concentration and PVC Concentration ........................................................................................................ 10 SkyPerformer Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 11 SkyPerformer Features...................................................................................................................................... 11 SkyPerformer with NetPerformer Products ....................................................................................................... 12 Typical Applications ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Standard VoIP Support ......................................................................................................................................... 13 NetPerformer SIP software option..................................................................................................................... 13 Data and Voice Traffic Throughput Issues............................................................................................................ 14 Data issues: ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 SkyPerformer issues:......................................................................................................................................... 15 Voice issues:...................................................................................................................................................... 15 Ensuring Reliable Delivery of Voice ...................................................................................................................... 20 Measuring Voice Quality (MOS) ........................................................................................................................ 20 PCM/ADPCM..................................................................................................................................................... 20 ACELP-CN......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Maintaining Voice Quality .................................................................................................................................. 20 Jitter Buffers....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Fragmentation.................................................................................................................................................... 21 Variable Rates ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Prioritization ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Silence Detection and Digital Speech Interpolation .......................................................................................... 22 Network Jitter..................................................................................................................................................... 22 Traffic Flow ............................................................................................................................................................ 23 Mixing Voice and Data Traffic:........................................................................................................................... 23 Data Throughput Calculation................................................................................................................................. 24 Data and Voice Throughput Calculation ............................................................................................................... 25 Examples of Data Throughput Measurement ....................................................................................................... 26 Examples of Data and Voice Throughput Measurement ...................................................................................... 27 Specifications ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 SDM- 8200 Specifications ................................................................................................................................. 28 SDM-9350 Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 29 SDM-8400 Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 30 SDM-9220/9230 Specifications ......................................................................................................................... 30 SDM-9360/9380 Specifications ......................................................................................................................... 31 SDM-9500 Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 32 ACTview 3000 Network Management................................................................................................................... 32 NetPerformer Adapter Cables ............................................................................................................................... 33 Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................ 34
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Document Revision
Rev. A Rev. B Rev. C to C1 Rev. D to D3 Rev. E
Software Release
NetPerformer 7.0.0 and 7.1.0 NetPerformer 7.2.0 and 8.0.x NetPerformer 9.0.0 to 9.2.0 NetPerformer 10.1.0 NetPerformer 10.2.1
NetPerformer Overview
Versos NetPerformer platform, a series of integrated multi-protocol access devices is a family of highperformance Integrated Access Devices used over public or private Frame Relay networks as well as leasedline, Satellite (SkyPerformer is a software option), ATM or IP networks. Well suited for large point-to-point and any-to-any networks, the NetPerformer uses a QoS cell based protocol called PowerCell to efficiently integrate either voice/data or data-only solutions. Also, the NetPerformer SIP software option goes further by uniting todays distributed voice communications systems with SIP compliant VoIP softswitch and gateway platforms. This using standard protocols like SIP for the call setup, RTP for voice and T.38 for fax. The NetPerformer is intended for a broad range of applications and serve the internetworking needs of central sites, regional offices and small branch offices. Individual products utilize a common hardware platform and are available as standalone products or scalable rackmount models with data only or integrated data and voice capabilities over any networks.
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Support standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) voice over IP protocol (NetPerformer SIP software option). Facilitate firmware upgrades through FTP or ZModem download tools.
Versos NetPerformer with virtual-connections technology provides a complete system solution for organizations with wide area internetworking requirements. The NetPerformer maximizes bandwidth usage with high throughput levels, low overhead and minimal delays, and guarantees reliable integration of voice, fax/modem and data traffic. NetPerformer significantly cuts communications costs by cutting long-distance charges and the need for dedicated voice and data circuits in the network.
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LAN/WAN Interfaces
Serial ports, configurable as either user or link ports, Ethernet LAN interfaces, either permanently installed or optionally provided through expansion slots in the product chassis (depending on the product). Console port.
NOTE: The actual number and location of the serial ports, LAN interfaces and console port is productdependent. For details, consult the Hardware Installation Guide for the individual product. Speeds attained on the serial ports may differ between individual NetPerformer models. In general, user ports can operate at speeds of up to 2 Mbps. Link throughput with or without data compression is product specific. Refer to table 11 and 1-2 of this document for details. The NetPerformer supports IP routing (RIP v1/v2 and OSPF v2) over PowerCell circuits on any networks (Frame Relay, ATM, Leased Lines, satellite or IP). The NetPerformer also support IP routing over standards Frame Relay RFC-1490, ATM RFC-1483, ATM RFC-2364, PPP or PPPoE circuits. Finally, the NetPerformer IP support also includes: IP Multicast, Network Address Translation (NAT), DHCP/BOOTP relay, DHCMP and DNS client and DiffServ/IP Precedence QoS. NetPerformer Frame Relay interfaces permit bundling of boundary Frame Relay traffic. Data originating from multiple Frame Relay Access Devices (FRADs) at the local or remote site can be concentrated onto single PVC. Returning traffic is directed to the destination devices or switched to a PVC on another NetPerformer. As a result, all Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs) can be mapped and bundled over a reduced number of PVCs. Voice calls can be switched to any remote location using existing PVCs or by establishing Frame Relay SVCs on demand. The NetPerformer supports SDLC-to-LLC2 conversion and SNA over Frame Relay through RFC-1490 PU connections (BAN/BNN). It can concentrate multiple low-speed SNA lines over a single Frame Relay circuit. In addition, cell-based prioritization combined with extensive emulation (spoofing) of the IBM SDLC protocol ensures reliable and consistent response times for mission-critical SNA applications. Network management capabilities of the NetPerformer include SNMP, TELNET remote access, FTP or ZModem firmware upgrade and direct or dialup console connection.
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The NetPerformer supports connections to public and private networks, Bell Central Offices (COs), PBXs, Key Telephone System (KTS) extensions, standard telephones, fax machines and modems, and integrates their traffic with regular LAN/WAN data. It includes a variety of powerful features to ensure that voice, fax/modem and data are reliably integrated with data from other sources, efficiently transmitted across the network, and that excellent voice quality is maintained from source to destination: Analog-to-digital conversion. Fragmentation of the voice/fax/modem stream for reduced network latency. High quality voice compression at 8Kbps or 6Kbps using ACELPCN algorithm. Standard voice compression/codec supports includes G.729 and G.729a (8Kbps), G.723.1 (5.3Kbps or 6.4Kbps), G.726 (16Kbps to 48Kbps) and G.711 (64Kbps). Fax/Modem demodulation for improved throughput of fax/modem traffic. Variable bit rates for low bandwidth usage during silence and signaling tones. Full support of a wide variety of interfaces and signaling types. Cell relay for rapid transport of voice/fax/modem traffic. Automatic voice/fax/modem prioritization. Domain dialing for efficient inter-domain calls (not available on the SIP software version). Voice broadcasting (not available on the SIP software version). Autodial predefined (not available on the SIP software version) or switched line activation. Echo cancellation. Intelligent congestion control (voice traffic control, voice traffic re-routing, etc).
Voice Interfaces
The NetPerformer is equipped with voice channels, or ports, for voice/fax/modem transmission. Each channel has an analog or digital interface that supports signals from a variety of voice/fax/modem sources using industry-standard signaling methods. Input interfaces include: E&M: Ear and Mouth, used between the switching machines trunk circuit and an associated signaling system. FXO: Foreign Exchange Channel Unit Office End, a loop-start signaling method used when connecting to a Central Office (CO). FXS: Foreign Exchange Channel Unit Station End, a loop-start signaling method used when connecting to a telephone unit or facsimile machine (POTS line) or a modem or a Key Telephone System (KTS unit). T1/E1: Digital interfaces that support voice via Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) protocols, like Immediate Start and Wink Start, or via Common Channel Signaling (CCS) protocols like QSIG and ISDN-PRI. ISDN-BRI S/T: Support voice using ISDN signaling (Euro, Japanese and National). All voice channels uses DSP (Digital Signal Processor) for digitization and voice compression facilities. Echo cancellation is provided on all channels, following the CCITT G.165 standard.
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The NetPerformer family supports a variety of applications. On the data side, they support SNA/SDLC with protocol emulation and port concentration, transparent point-to-point connections for HDLC and other protocols, plus LAN routing and bridging. Note: SkyPerformer is a software option that provides satellite bandwidth optimization to the NetPerformer product line. The Enterprise Gateway SIP software option is required to provide standard VoIP using SIP. This new option can be installed/activated on the NetPerformer as well as the SkyPerformer products. Those NetPerformers that offer voice and fax/modem integration, all support analog voice/fax/modem, and in the case of the SDM-9400 1, the SDM-9230, the SDM-9360, the SDM-9380 and the SDM-9585, digital voice/fax/modem as well. All NetPerformers also support both frame-relay switching and cell-based switching using PVCR. The customer must take into account all applications in a given network when designing NetPerformers or any similar access device into it.
1
Retired
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Applications
Following are examples of the main NetPerformer applications. These applications include switching, multiplexing, routing/bridging and data concentration/conversion. Note that even if we split these applications in different diagrams they may all take place together on a single network in a real environment with or without data compression.
Point-to-Point Multiplexing/Switching
Voice
Voice
(1) The NetPerformer can transport X.25 in point-to-point mode when using HDLC protocol. The NetPerformer can also concentrate X.25 PVCs down to a central site switch using X.25 to Frame Relay ANNEX-F/G convertion.
IP Routing/Bridging
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Ethernet
NP Unit A
Routing and Bridging imply frame address analysis. This process takes place at each node in the NetPerformer network and requires data comression/ de-compression in order to allow for reading the frame header.
Ethernet
NP Unit B
NP Unit C
NP Unit A
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SkyPerformer Overview
SkyPerformer is a Verso software option that provides satellite bandwidth optimization software to the NetPerformer product line. With SkyPerformer, a hybrid terrestrial/satellite network can be created using a single hardware platform and network management system. This solution is able to exploit the broadcast nature of satellite communications, while taking advantage of powerful NetPerformer features.
SkyPerformer Features Fully Frame Relay standards based, permitting seamless communication with any Frame Relay compliant equipment such as FRADs, routers and switches. Goes where terrestrial links cannot, thus providing a cost-effective solution for small to medium-sized satellite networks. Uses the same hardware as the terrestrial network. Offers a hubless VSAT solution that requires neither an expensive DAMA computer nor a central site switch (TDMA). Interfaces with all third-party satellite modems. Interoperates with terrestrial links networks and equipment, efficiently consolidating voice, data and LAN traffic. Supports a wide variety of satellite network topologies: single or distributed star and partially meshed, pointto-point and multipoint networks. Offers a scalable solution for both remote and central sites.
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SkyPerformer with NetPerformer Products To support satellite functionality in a NetPerformer network, the SkyPerformer software is loaded onto each participating NetPerformer product.
SkyPerformer
Software
NetPerformer
Satellite Functionality
SDM-9360/9380/9400 is a versatile voice-data integrated access device for the regional or central office. SDM-9220/9230 is a cost-effective voice and data integrated access device for the branch office. SDM-9350 is a cost-effective voice and data integrated access device for the branch office. SDM-8400 is a cost-effective data only access device for the regional or branch office as well as a serial port expender unit
Typical Applications The SkyPerformer satellite network solution is ideal for: Voice/data enterprise solutions via satellite E1/T1 voice trunking via satellite Internet backbone extension via satellite Public Frame Relay network extension via satellite
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The NetPerformer with SIP is an Enterprise IP Gateway/Router that converge voice and data over IP via PPP links, Frame Relay or ATM standards protocols, PowerCell or IP/Ethernet circuits. This software option is available on the NetPerformer SDM-9360/9380(9585) as well as SDM-9220/9230 and provides the same data features but with voice transported over IP using SIP instead of PowerCell. These products support voice modules required to interface to PBX and PSTN (Analog FXS, FXO, E&M Digital T1, E1, ISDN-PRI, ISDN-BRI and QSIG).
For voice: Standard VoIP implementation using SIP, SDP (Session Description Protocol) and SIP registration as per IETF RFC 2543 and 2327. Support of RTP for voice and T.38 for fax. Support of RTCP for VoIP statistics and monitoring QSIG supplementary services tunneling over SIP. NetPerformer to NetPerformer calls handled without SIP Proxy (Call Manager). NetPerformer call via Clarent Class 5 Call Manager/Command Center to another NetPerformer or a Clarent Gateway. Standard voice compression G729 (a), G711, G726 and G723 (low/high) as well as ACELP-CN. CAS signaling: Immediate Start, Wink Start, Loop Start and R2 voice. CCS signaling: QSIG and ISDN (Euro, Japanese and National). VTR (Voice Traffic Re-routing)
For data (from the NetPerformer): PowerCell on dedicated or backup links, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN and IP links. Note that Voice over IP over PowerCell is supported between NetPerformer units. Async/Sync PPP (Point to Point Protocol) as well as PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) Frame Relay RFC-1490 and switching ATM RFC-1483, ATM-RFC-2364, PPP, FRF.8 and PowerCell. SkyPerformer for connection over the Satellite (PowerCell, RFC-1490 or transparent) IP routing, RIP1, RIP2, OSPF2, Multicast, DHCP/BOOTP relay, IP static, NAT and SNMP IPX routing and bridging of the other LAN protocols SNA SLDC, LLC, BAN and BNN local and remote conversion HDLC, BSC, DDCMP, COP, X.25 and ASYNC legacy multiplexing Data Compression
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NetPerformer with SIP option enabled does not support the following legacy NetPerformer features:
FP mode for inter-operation with legacy voice FRADs: SDM-FP/JFP/DX. Direct conversion between PowerCell Voice and SIP/RTP/IP. Interoperability is achieved with back-toback voice conversion, e.g. E1 to E1 on two distinct NetPerformer units, one with SIP enabled, the other with PowerCell Voice. Transparent point-to-point voice signaling. All SIP calls are switched and transparent is non-switched.
For more details on the NetPerformer feature set, refer to the NetPerformer Datasheet located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/index.html
Each NetPerformer can clock any and all of its serial ports up to 2Mbps and even up to 6Mbps in the case of the SDM-9230. But bit clocking alone does not define overall device throughput. The NetPerformer is a fast-packet access device, and as such, its basic datagrams are data cells of 96 bytes maximum obtained as a result of the NetPerformer incoming frame fragmentation process. How fast the NetPerformer can process cells is measured in Cells Per Second (CPS). Specifically, CPS measures how fast the NetPerformer can build and hand-off or receive and re-build cells and frames, regardless of prioritization schemes. The following tables 1-1 & 1-2 summarize CPS throughput for each NetPerformer product. Table 1-1. Capacity Limits Without Data Compression Product Routing/Multiplexing/Switching CPS
SDM-8200 SDM-8300/9530 SDM-8300/9530-T SDM-9350 SDM-9400 SDM-9360A SDM-9220 SDM-9380A/9585A/9580 SDM-9230 SDM-8400 800 1000 1400 900 2300-3000 4000 5000 10,000 15,000 15,000
2
THROUGHPUT IN Kbps 1
614 Kbps 768 Kbps 1,075 Kbps 691 Kbps 1,766 Kbps 3,072 Kbps 3,840 Kbps 7,680 Kbps
3
1 2
Formula for data traffic: CPS x 96 bytes/cell x 8bits/byte= throughput in speed rate When switching internal voice cells (up to 30 channels maximum) with data. 3 Each port has a maximum rate of 2,048Kbps.
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Table 1-2. Capacity Limits WITH Data Compression Product Routing/Multiplexing/Switching CPS
SDM-8200 SDM-8300/9530 SDM-8300/9530-T SDM-9350 SDM-9400 SDM-9360A SDM-9220 SDM-9380A/9585A/9580 SDM-9230 SDM-8400 250 400 1500 300 1000 2000 2500 8000 8000 8000
4 5
Formula for data traffic: CPS x 96 bytes/cell x 8bits/byte= throughput in speed rate Product maximum link speed when data compression is enabled.
SkyPerformer issues:
When the SkyPerformer option is enabled the NetPerformer will accept the appropriate cells or filter cells not specific to the unit. This function of analyzing and filtering cells utilizes a small amount of CPU processing. Thus SkyPerformer CPU utilization will vary depending on demod RX data rate. Please refer to the SkyPerformer design guide for more details.
Voice issues:
The ACELP-CN 8K/6K algorithm, the ACELP 8K/5.8K, 64K PCM and 32K ADPCM are all supported in the NetPerformer for homologation purposes, but the ACELP-CN is the algorithm of choice. One may configure either 8Kbps or 6Kbps as fixed, or configure 8K to automatically fallback to 6K during periods of congestion. Due to framing of the compressed voice, overhead must be added to the overall voice rate. For example, 8K-CN (comfort noise) really takes 12.44Kbps of bandwidth while voice is active and running on a PVCR PVC. And let us not forget the effect of comfort noise, reducing overall bandwidth utilization by around 40% when the silence suppression feature is activated. Furthermore, one may configure the amount of buffering (single, double or triple) preferred for voice encapsulation. Double and triple buffering reduces bandwidth and CPS consumption per voice channel with an imperceptible change in voice quality. Therefore, we recommend the use of these modes.
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12.44 10.67 9.93 9.56 10.67 8.89 8.15 7.78 7.39 16.00 12.00 10.67 10.00 9.60 9.33 9.14 9.07 8.00 7.56 8.00 6.93 6.49 18.50 27.33 36.00 45.00 74.00
26.67 17.78 14.67 13.11 24.89 16.00 12.89 11.33 10.17 41.60 24.80 19.20 16.40 14.72 13.60 12.80 17.60 12.27 10.40 16.53 11.20 9.33 26.50 38.00 48.80 61.00 106.00
14.67 11.78 10.67 10.11 12.89 10.00 8.89 8.33 7.83 20.00 14.00 12.00 11.00 10.40 10.00 9.71 10.40 8.67 8.00 9.33 7.60 6.93 19.75 29.00 38.00 47.50 79.00
18 ms/20 36 ms/40 54 ms/59 72 ms/78 18 ms/16 36 ms/32 54 ms/47 72 ms/62 92 ms/77 10 ms/12 20 ms/22 30 ms/32 40 ms/42 50 ms/52 60 ms/62 70 ms/72 30 ms/26 60 ms/52 90 ms/77 30 ms/22 60 ms/44 90 ms/65 32 ms/66 24 ms/74 20 ms/82 16 ms/82 8 ms/66
112 CPS2 56 CPS2 38 CPS2 28 CPS2 112 CPS2 56 CPS2 38 CPS2 28 CPS2 22 CPS2 200 CPS 100 CPS 68 CPS 50 CPS 40 CPS 34 CPS 30 CPS 68 CPS 34 CPS 22 CPS 68 CPS 34 CPS 22 CPS 64 CPS 84 CPS 100 CPS 126 CPS 250 CPS
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CPS consumption is calculated by dividing one second by the voice protocol frame time multiplied by two (because of the full duplex nature of the voice conversation). Note that a fax transmission is half-duplex though. 2 Note that comfort noise reduces overall CPS utilization by around 40% when silence suppression is activated. 3 Using standard VoIP (SIP/RTP) or using PowerCell over IP with cell packetization disabled. 4 Using PowerCell over IP with cell packetization enabled.
4.8 Kbps 7.2 Kbps 9.6 Kbps 12.0 Kbps 14.4 Kbps
11 16 21 27 32
Supported
Not Supported Not Supported
Supported Supported
Supported Supported
Supported
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SDM-9360A Up to 60 digital Up to 16 analog Included (1 per unit) 2 Option (up to 4, 32 time slots of data, 60 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 32 time slots of data, 60 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 32 time slots of data, 60 voice channels max) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4)
1
SDM-9380A Up to 120 digital Up to 16 analog Included (1 per unit) 3 Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4)
2
SDM-9585A card Up to 120 digital Up to 16 analog Included (1 per card) 3 per card Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4, 64 time slots of data, 120 voice channels max) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4) Option (up to 4)
2
Option (up to 4)
Option (up to 4)
Option (up to 4)
Option (up to 4)
Option (up to 4)
Option (up to 4)
Up to 60 voice channels with SDM-9360A v9.2.0 or higher using G.729a (triple buffering or more) and ATM disabled. Otherwise 48 voice channels maximum for other voice codecs.
2
Up to 120 voice channels withSDM-9389/9585 v9.2.0 or higher using G.729a (triple buffering or more) and ATM disabled. Otherwise 96 voice channels maximum for other voice codecs.
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Option (up to 2)
Option (up to 3)
Option (up to 1)
Option (up to 1)
Option (up to 1)
Option (up to 1)
Option (up to 1)
Option (up to 1)
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Although perceptions of voice quality vary by individual, the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is a widely accepted measure of voice quality. MOS ratings provide a subjective quality score averaged over a large number of speakers, utterances and listeners. The following table indicates the value of MOS: Score 4.0 to 5.0 3.0 to 4.0 < 3.0 Quality Toll Quality Communication Quality Synthetic Quality
MOS Score Definitions PCM/ADPCM
PCM and ADPCM, the traditional PSTN/PTT algorithms, receive high (toll quality) Mean Opinion Scores. MOS of 4.4 for PCM and 4.1 for ADPCM are achieved by consuming 64Kbps bandwidth and 32Kbps bandwidth, respectively.
ACELP-CN
Algebraic Code-Excited Linear Prediction Comfort Noise (ACELP-CN) grew out of years of study at various research institutions using CELP and CELP-like coders. The three main elements of ACELP-CN are: 1) LPC modeling of the vocal track, 2) sophisticated pitch extraction and coding, and 3) innovative excitation modeling and coding. Independent tests indicate the perceived quality of voice is equal to or better than the industrystandard 32Kbps ADPCM (G.726). ACELP-CN is rated with an MOS (Mean Opinion Score) of approximately 4.2. ACELP-CN allows "toll-quality" voice transmissions over Frame Relay networks
M e a n O p i n i o n S c o r e
5 G.726 4 3 ACELP-CN
G.711 PCM
hG.729
G.729A h ADPCM
2 1 2kbps
4kbps
32kbps
64kbps
Normally, complexity goes up and quality goes down as compression increases. ACELP-CN demonstrates that voice can be compressed as low as 6Kbps and still achieve near toll quality. With low-cost toll-quality voice compression algorithms and management of voice and data transmission parameters, voice quality can be maintained in high-traffic networks. NetPerformer, for example, uses six basic operating principles to ensure voice, fax and data are delivered reliably and that voice signals maintain their original quality:
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Jitter Buffers Fragmentation Variable Rates Prioritization Silence Detection and Digital Speech Interpolation
Jitter Buffers
The bursty nature of packet-oriented networks may result in variable delays between consecutive packets. The time difference between each arriving packet is called jitter. Jitter can impede the ability of the receiving end to smoothly regenerate voice. Since voice is inherently a continuous waveform, a large gap between the regenerated voice packets will result in a gobbling sound. NetPerformer employs a configurable jitter buffer (to a maximum of 255 ms) to funnel the incoming packets. This jitter buffer controls processing of packets to guarantee continuous speech output.
Fragmentation
In the NetPerformer, all access frame sizes delivered to the network are limited in size. Voice: 20 to 80 bytes per frame (Depending on Voice Protocol) Data: Maximum 96 bytes per frame Fax: Maximum 58 bytes per frame
This fragmentation minimizes end-to-end delay through network switching equipment, ensuring the timely delivery of voice and fax/modem, as well as data. Specifically, the fragmentation of data packets assures voice and fax/modem packets are not unacceptably delayed behind large data packets.
Voice/Fax/Modem Traffic
I/F Protocol Sorter I/F
Fragment
Compress
LAN Traffic
SNA IP
Fragment
Compress
Variable Rates
The NetPerformer can be configured to react to Predictive Congestion Management and/or FECN/BECN bits by varying the voice algorithm digitization rates and/or frame sizes. This is another technique used to ensure voice quality withstands network conditions.
Prioritization
Each input signal is configured into priority queues in NetPerformer. Voice and fax/modem signals, which are intolerant of delay, are placed in the highest-priority queue (HIGH PRIORITY class), for the most expeditious delivery to the network. Data signals are buffered into queues 1 to 8 (classes) until the higher-priority voice and fax/modem packets are sent. After voice/fax/modem is transmitted, data traffic is prioritized according to weight assign to each separate data queue (1 to 8) with levels from 1 to 16. Following is how the NetPerformer prioritizes traffic by default: First Priority: Voice/Fax/Modem Second Priority: SNA Third Priority: IP
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Voice communication by nature is half-duplex with pauses between sentences. Advanced voice processing algorithms take advantage of these two characteristics in silence processing, which significantly improves system performance in Frame Relay networks. The extra bandwidth saved from the silent period of one voice channel is allocated to other channels. This technique is called Digital Speech Interpolation and can improve bandwidth utilization by as much as 40%. Silence detection is configurable on NetPerformer.
Network Jitter
Network jitter is defined as the variance in delay from one voice packet to the next. Several elements may contribute to jitter variances and delays, including switch latency within the network, queuing at the network entry and exit points, and voice digitization and compression. Following is the typical delay of a voice call using ACELP-CN 8k single buffering. Delay 18 ms 1 14 ms 1 1 to 20 ms 25 to 250 ms 2 1 to 5 ms 5 to 255 ms 4 ms 1
Network Delay Analysis
1
Input Buffer Compression Access Queue Network Latency Far End Queue Jitter Buffer Decoder
Depending on Voice Protocol (refer to table 1-3) 2 Network Latency may be 25 ms or higher for a Public Frame Relay Network and 250 ms for Satellite links
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Traffic Flow
Traffic flow is very important in sizing equipment, links, and trunks. For most networks, all legacy data travels in a single-star topology to the central site, while LAN traffic may be domain-oriented, and voice may be any-toany. This means some links/trunks will handle more or less or equal parts of data and voice, so they must be sized appropriately. The proper number of channels must also be assigned per site depending on traffic flow, and this helps size the equipment required at the site. Ideally, your customer can also tell you what percentage of what traffic flows from one site to another In most data networks the flow of traffic is unidirectional; that is, it most frequently flows and uses network resources in a half-duplex fashion like file transfers do. Voice traffic, however, has less of a clear flow direction: Anyone from anywhere may need to talk to anyone else on the network. The impact of voice traffic flow is limited to the bandwidth utilization easily calculated for a given number of active voice channels. However, the impact of data traffic flow needs to be looked at a little more closely.
Mixing Voice and Data Traffic:
This section provides you with examples of how to calculate your voice and data application throughput requirements. The steps to follow are: First, mixing voice and data traffic, voice throughput is calculated separately from the data throughput (see CPS consumption for corresponding voice compression algorithms). Second, the real data throughput is obtained from subtracting the voice throughput. Finally the total bandwidth utilization is calculated by adding the voice bandwidth utilization (see table 1-3 for each voice compression algorithm corresponding bandwidth utilization value) and the data bandwidth utilization. Because throughput testing was conducted in the presence of continuous data flow, the CPS values showing in the above tables represent product performance under extreme conditions. In real-life applications, these conditions would be met at peak transfer times. If this is the case, and the CPS requirements should be exceeded, then the NetPerformer will automatically activate its flow control feature and apply traffic prioritization, thus delivering critical traffic as expected by the users.
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96
*Cell Per Seconds handling is product specific. Refer to table 1-1 for CPS value for each NetPerformer product without data compression.
96
*CPS x 96 bytes x 8 bits/bytes = Data Throughput Link speed=Data Throughput/3 (typical) NetPerformer
*Cell Per Seconds handling is product specific. Refer to table 1.2 for CPS value for each NetPerformer product with data compression.
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Number of Voice x **Voice Channel Bandwidth = Voice Throughput **20-82-bytes voice cells NetPerformer
96
(*CPS-(Number of Voice x **Voice CPS)) x 96 bytes x 8 bits/bytes = Data Throughput Link Speed = Voice Throughput + Data Throughput
*Cell Per Seconds handling is product specific. Refer to table 1-1 for CPS value for each NetPerformer product without data compression. **Cell size and Voice Channel Bandwidth varies depending on the voice algorithm used. Refer to table 1-3 for Cell size, Voice Channel Bandwidth and Cell Per Seconds handling for each voice algorithm.
Number of Voice x **Voice Channel Bandwidth = Voice Throughput **20-82-bytes voice cells NetPerformer
96
(*CPS-(Number of Voice x **Voice CPS)) x 96 bytes x 8 bits/bytes = Data Throughput Link Speed = Voice Throughput + Data Throughput/3 (typical)
*Cell Per Seconds handling is product specific. Refer to table 1-2 for CPS value for each NetPerformer product with data compression. **Cell size and Voice Channel Bandwidth varies depending on the voice algorithm used. Refer to table 1-3 for Cell size, Voice Channel Bandwidth and Cell Per Seconds handling for each voice algorithm.
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Data throughput without data compression Products Cell per Seconds 800 1,000 900 2,300 4,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 x 96 bytes/cell x 8 bits/byte (bits/sec) 614,400 768,000 691,200 1,766,400 3,072,000 3,840,000 7,680,000 7,680,000 7,680,000 11,520,000 11,520,000 Throughput (kbps) 614 768 691 1,766 3,072 3,840 7,680 7,680 7,680 11,520 11,520
SDM-8200 SDM-8300 SDM-9350 SDM-9400 SDM-9360 SDM-9220 SDM-9380 SDM-9580 SDM-9585 SDM-9230 SDM-8400
Data throughput with data compression Products Cell per Seconds x 96 bytes/cell x 8 bits/byte (bits/sec) Throughput (kbps) 192 307 1,152 230 768 1,536 1,920 6,144 6,144 6,144 6,144 6,144 Link speed* (Kbps) 64 128 384 128 256 512 640 2,048 2,048 2,048 2,048 2,048
SDM-8200 250 192,000 SDM-8300 400 307,200 SDM-8300-T 1,500 1,152,000 SDM-9350 300 230,400 SDM-9400 1,000 768,000 SDM-9360 2,000 1,536,000 SDM-9220 2,500 1,920,000 SDM-9380 8,000 6,144,000 SDM-9580 8,000 6,144,000 SDM-9585 8,000 6,144,000 SDM-9230 8,000 6,144,000 SDM-8400 8,000 6,144,000 *Data bandwidth (throughput) compressed by 3 (typical)
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Products
Cell per Number of Cell Bandwidth for Cell left x 96 bytes/cell Data Link speed* Seconds voice chan. (8kx2) used voice (Kbps) for data x 8 bits/byte throughput (Kbps) 56 cells/voice for voice 10.89k/chan (bits/sec) (kbps) 900 5,000 4,000 10,000 10,000 4 12 48 72 120 224 672 2,688 4,032 6,720 44 131 523 784 1,307 676 4,328 1,312 5,968 3,280 519,168 3,323,904 1,007,616 4,583,424 2,519,040 519 3,324 1,008 4,583 2,519 563 3,455 1,530 5,368 3,826
Products
Cell per Number of Cell Bandwidth for Cell left x 96 bytes/cell Data Link speed* Seconds voice chan. (8kx2) used voice (Kbps) for data x 8 bits/byte throughput (Kbps) 56 cells/voice for voice 10.89k/chan (bits/sec) (kbps) 58,368 1,575,936 847,872 3,047,424 983,040 58 1,576 848 3,047 983 63 612 457 1,800 1,634
SDM-9350 300 4 224 43.56 76 SDM-9220 2,500 8 448 87.12 2,052 SDM-9360A 2,000 16 896 174.24 1,104 SDM-9380A 8,000 72 4,032 784.08 3,968 SDM-9585A 8,000 120 6,720 1306.8 1,280 *Data bandwidth (throughput) compressed by 3 (typical) + voice bandwidth
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Specifications
SDM- 8200 Specifications
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 1 Motorola QUICC RISC processor (25 MHz) 4 Mb Dynamic RAM 1 Mb FLASH EPROM 2 high-speed expansion slots LAN SUPPORT LAN interface: On-board Ethernet port Standards: 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Source Route Bridging (SRB), Transparent Bridging, IP and IPX routing Frame types: Ethernet II, IEEE 802.2, 802.3, 802.5 SNAP Ethernet interface: Ethernet II and IEEE 802.2, 802.3, RJ45 (10BaseT) connector WAN/USER PORTS Number of serial ports: 2:1 user, 1 link Port maximum clocking speed: 2Mbps Link port maximum throughput with compression: Refer to table 1-2 Link port maximum throughput without compression: Refer to table 1-1 Universal interface: soft-strapped as RS-232, V.35, X.21, RS-449 or RS-530 Optional DSU/CSU: 56/64Kbps Circuits: either leased or switched Coding: NRZI or NRZ WAN port protocols: synchronous full-duplex HDLC, Frame Relay (FR-USER for network connection), RFC-1490 Synchronous user port protocols: HDLC, BDLC, SDLC, BSC, DDCMP, VIP, ALC, IBM/RJE, Uniscope, Poll/Select, Siemens Nixdorf, Frame Relay (FR-NET for user device connection) Asynchronous user port protocols: ENQ/ACK, XON/XOFF, CTS/DTR, SDLC spoofing: 64 PUs Frame Relay protocols and standards: LMI, ANSI Annex D, ITU Q.933 Annex A, Variable Cell Relay, RFC1490, User-UNI, NetworkUNI PVC switching: 96 PVCs Serial interfaces: DTE or DCE, MD-26 female, internal/external clocking NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY SNMP: Standard MIB II and NetPerformer MIB TELNET remote access Direct or dialup console: DB-9 male connector FTP firmware upgrade and configuration download Username/password security control Administrative filtering POWER Autosensing 100-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz 5 Watts ENVIRONMENTAL Operating temperature: 0 C to 45 C (32 F to 114 F) Relative humidity: 10% to 95% non-condensing PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS Width: 17.8 cm (7") Depth: 15.5 cm (6.1") Height: 5.1 cm (2")
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SDM-9350 Specifications
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 1 Motorola QUICC RISC processor (25 MHz) 4 MB Dynamic RAM 4 MB RAM SIMM installed in SIMM socket 2 MB FLASH EPROM 2 high-speed expansion slots 1 real-time clock circuit
For more details on the SDM-9350 feature set, refer to the SDM-9350 datasheet located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/marketing/index.asp
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SDM-8400 Specifications
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 2 Motorola MPC8250 PowerQUICC II 64-bit processors 16 MB SDRAM, for support of all serial and LAN port 4 MB onboard Flash 1 real-time clock circuit.
For more details on the SDM-8400 feature set, refer to the SDM-8400 datasheet located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/marketing/index.asp
SDM-9220/9230 Specifications
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 1 Motorola MPC8255 PowerQUICC II processor for processing and signaling, 150-200 MHz, 64-bit 64 MB SDRAM for processing and signaling functions 8 MB onboard Flash, expandable to 16 MB, for handling storage and retrieval of configurations, voice compression software, firmware and related items Optional 64 MB Compact Flash module 1 serial configuration circuit for storing unit related information (serial number, options, test results) 1 Y2K compliant real time clock circuit 1 TDM cross-connect circuit 1 SIMM socket for the optional external DSP-120 SIMM module that handles voice compression and fax/modem emulation.
SDM-9220 interface card slots 2 slots for the interface cards that handle the physical connections to FXS, E&M, FXO, T1, E1, BRI S/T and Dual Serial Ports
SDM-9230 interface card slots 3 slots for the interface cards that handle the physical connections to FXS, E&M, FXO, T1, E1 and BRI S/T Dual Serial Ports
For more details on the SDM-9220/9230 feature set, refer to the product datasheets located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/marketing/index.asp
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SDM-9360/9380 Specifications
Hardware Architecture SDM-9380 Main Board 1 high-speed processor, Motorola PowerPC 603e, 266 MHz, 64 bits, 10,000pps 1 Motorola QUICC 68360 processor, 33 MHz optional 64MB SDRAM for processing functions (32MB standard) 8MB onboard Flash 1 serial configuration circuit for storing unit related information (serial number, options, test results) 1 Y2K compliant real-time clock circuit 1MB of SRAM for buffering WAN, LAN and console ports. 1 Motorola MPC860 processor, 66 MHz 16MB EDO DRAM for signaling functions 1 MB (128Kx8) or Boot EPROM 1 serial EEPROM for hardware information 4 slots for the interface cards that handle the physical connections to FXS, E&M, T1 and E1 lines 4 SIMM connectors for DSP SIMM modules that handle voice compression and fax/modem emulation 1 timeslot exchange circuit.
SDM-9360 Combo Board 1 Motorola MPC860MH processor for main processing, 33 MHz 1 Motorola MPC860T processor for signaling, 33 MHz 16MB EDO DRAM for processing functions, expandable to 32MB 4MB EDO DRAM for signaling functions, expandable to 16MB 8MB onboard Flash for handling storage and retrieval of configurations, voice compression software, firmware and related items 1 serial configuration circuit for storing unit related information (serial number, options, test results) 1 real-time clock circuit 1 timeslot exchange circuit 1 socket for optional STAC hardware data compressor 4 slots on the upper side for the interface cards that handle the physical connections to FXS, E&M, T1 and E1 lines 2 SIMM connectors on the under side for the DSP SIMM modules that handle voice compression and fax/modem emulation WAN, LAN and console ports. A/C power connector 1 fuse (1.6A, 250V) 100 Watts (80W @ 5V, 20W @ -48V) Autosensing 100-240 VAC, 0.8-0.3A, 50/60 Hz
Power
For more details on the SDM-9360 and SDM9380 feature set, refer to the NetPerformer Datasheet located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/marketing/index.asp
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SDM-9500 Specifications
Data Expansion Modules: SDM-9530: 4 serial ports, configurable as user or link (single width module) SDM-9580: 3 serial ports (user or link), 1 Ethernet (dual width module)
Convergence Expansion Modules: SDM-9585: 3 serial ports (user or link), 1 Ethernet, 4 slots for line interface plug-in (dual width module) SDM-9585 single port channelized digital line interface plug-in for voice and data: T1, E1 75 ohms, E1 120 ohms, ISDN-BRI S/T and Dual Serial module SDM-9585 analog telephony line interface plug-in: dual ports FXS, dual port FXO, four ports E&M
POWER Autosensing 100-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, -48 VDC. Optional Redundant power supply
For more details on the SDM-9500 feature set, refer to the NetPerformer Datasheet located on the Verso web site at the following address: http://www.verso.com/enterprise/convergence/netperformer/marketing/index.asp
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Direct connect MD26-232-DCE Direct connect HD26-232DCE Direct connect MD26-232-DTE XOVER-01 HD26-232DTE DB-25/V.35F MD26-V35-DCE ICABLE-3AK HD26-V35DCE DB-25/V.35M MD26-V35-DTE ICABLE-3BK HD26-V35DTE DB-25/X.21-NETPF MD26-X21-DCE ICABLE-1AK HD26-X21CE-DCE
DB-25/X.21-NETPM
MD26-X21-DTE ICABLE-1BK HD26-X21CE-DTE DB-25/DB-25F MD26-530-DCE ICABLE-7AK HD26-530DCE DB-25/DB-25M MD26-530-DTE ICABLE-7BK HD26-530DTE DB-25/RS-449F MD26-449-DCE ICABLE-4AK HD26-449DCE DB-25/RS-449M MD26-449-DTE ICABLE-4BK HD26-449DTE
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Glossary
ACELP: Algebraic Code Excited Linear Predictive. A type of Voice Compression Algorithm that can be configured for some voice/fax expansion modules. Analog: Transmission method that uses a variable and continuous voltage to represent variations in some quantity. Asynchronous: A method of data transmission that allows characters to be sent at irregular intervals by preceding each character with a start bit, and following it with a stop bit. Bandwidth: The difference between the lowest and highest frequencies of a transmission channel, usually expressed in hertz (Hz). BAUD: A unit measuring the rate of information flow, with five baud roughly equivalent to one alphanumeric character. BER: Bit Error Rate. BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying. A digital modulation scheme used in transmission communications. Used in the MOS-01 expansion module. Byte: A binary string of bits that function as a unit. Usually comprising eight bits, a byte is also called a character. CAS: Circuit Associated Signaling. Carrier: The basic radio signal that transfers the information signal. It occupies a single radio frequency (see also Common Carrier). C-BAND: A band of frequencies used for satellite and terrestrial communications. The range of frequencies from four to six GHz (billion cycles per second) is used by most communications satellites. Cell: NetPerformer basic datagrams are data cells of 96 bytes (maximum) obtained as a result of the NetPerformer incoming frame fragmentation process device (see also PVCR, and Cell Relay). Cell Relay: To reduce access time, the NetPerformer splits whole frames into small cells, or blocks. After fragmentation the cells are compressed, then multiplexed and transmitted across the link. The NetPerformer at the receiving end performs the reverse process, decompressing and recreating the original whole frames before sending them to the end-user device (see also Cell and PVCR). CIR: Committed Information Rate. Compression: A term used to denote reducing the amount of bandwidth needed to transmit video, audio or data, thus increasing the capacity of a satellite transponder. CPS: How fast NetPerformer can build and hand off or receive and rebuild cells and frames, regardless of prioritization scheme (see also Cell). CPU: Central Processing Unit. The part of a computer that manipulates the data and performs logical and mathematical functions. CW: Continuous Wave. A signal consisting of a single frequency. DAMA: Demand Assigned Multiple Access. Refers to contention access schemes that allow multiple communications users to share a discrete portion of the bandwidth. DCE: Data Communications Equipment, typically printers or modems. DE: Discard Eligibility. A bit that can be set in a frame relay packet that will make it eligible for discarding in the event of network congestion. Decibel (dB): Unit for measuring the power of a sound or strength of a signal. Demodulation: The process for retrieving an information signal that has been modulated onto a carrier. Downlink: To receive from a satellite; also, the dish used for reception. DSU: Data Service Unit. Device that interfaces between Data Terminal Equipment and a digital data service. DTE: Data Terminal Equipment, such as a computer terminal, printer or personal computer. DTMF: Dual Tone Multi Frequency signaling. The method commonly used to send tones using push buttons on touch tone phones (as opposed to pulse dialing). DVC: Digital Voice/Fax Card. An expansion module that can be used with T1 Interface and E1 Interface expansion modules. E&M: Type of interface used for PBX tie trunk connections. When configured for this option, the voice part of a voice/FAX module operates in E&M mode and the module provides a path to PBX E&M tie trunks.
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Eb/No: Bit Energy over Noise Density. Echo Suppression: Refers to the cancellation of any reflected signal in a communications channel, maritime vessel portable terminals. EIC: E1 Interface Expansion Card. An expansion module that can be installed in SDM-9400 EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. The power that is supplied to an antenna multiplied by the directive gain to the antenna. ESF: Extended SuperFrame. A signaling method used by T1. FDM: Frequency Division Multiplex FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access FEC: Forward Error Correcting. Four-wire: A circuit with a separate pair of wires for inbound and outbound signals. FRAD: Frame Relay Access Device. Full duplex: Method of transmission in which both send and receive data are active simultaneously. Group III: A common facsimile transmission standard that defines fax operation at up to 9600bps HUB: A network operations center for very small aperture terminal (VSAT) operations (see also Shared Hub). Hybrid Satellite: A satellite that carries two or more different communications payloads (e.g., C-band and Kuband). KSU: Key System Unit. The main operating unit of a key telephone system that provides for more than one telephone line per handset. Ku-Band: The range of frequencies between 11 and 14 GHz used increasingly by communications satellites. Requires smaller ground antennas, usually four feet in diameter. LAN: Local Area Network. A data communications system, which is confined to a limited geographical area. Modem: Modulator-demodulator. A device used to convert serial digital data into a signal suitable for transmission over a telephone line and to reconvert the analog signal from the phone line back into serial digital data. Modulation: The process of superimposing an information signal onto a carrier for transmission. NMS: Network Management System. Off-hook: Telephone in use; the handset removed from its cradle. Off-net: Circuit routing that carries the signal away from the network, usually to a PSTN. On-net: Circuit routing that carries the signal over the network. On-hook: Telephone not in use; the handset in its cradle. OPX: Off Premise Extension. When configured for this option, a voice/fax module operates in loop start mode and provides loop current to the attached device. Packet Data: A process where stored data is transmitted in discrete units, called packets, allowing for more efficient use of channel capacity and reliability of transfer. PAD: Slang for satellite transponder channel attenuation, it is an electronic device that adds electrical resistance to a circuit to protect a transponder from signals that are too strong. PBX: Private Branch Exchange. Refers to a small, private telephone switch. PCM: Pulse Code Modulation. PIR: Peak Information Rate. PLAR: Private Line Automatic Ring-down. Protocol: Any set of standard procedures that permit devices to intercommunicate. PTN: Public Telephone Network. Typically refers to a common carrier such as a telephone company that is regulated by the FCC. PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network. Another name for the telephone company. PTT: Post Telephone and Telegraph. Provide telephone and telecommunications services in most countries outside the U.S. Punch Block: Terminating and connecting device commonly used with unshielded twisted pair telco wire (also known as RJ-21X). PVC: Permanent Virtual Circuit. PVCR - Using Programmable Variable Cell Relay (PVCR), the sends the individual, variable-sized cells produced by fragmentation over the high-speed link. Delay-sensitive cells such as voice and fax go first. Userdefined criteria determine traffic prioritization for LAN and legacy data (see also cell, and cell relay). QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. A digital modulation scheme used in transmission communications that allows increased sending capacity. Used in the MOS-01 expansion module.
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RFT: Radio Frequency Terminal. Ring-down: Method of telephone connection in which two phones are connected such that if either goes off-hook the other automatically rings. Ring-down requires no dialing. RJ-11: Six-wire telephone jack with pins three and four used as tip and ring. RS-232C: Interface between DTE and DCE for exchange of serial binary data at speeds up to 19.2Kbps. RS-422/449: General purpose, 37-pin and 9-pin interface for DCE and DTE employing serial binary data. SCPC: Single Channel Per Carrier. An economical way to get multiple signals on one transponder. SHARED HUB: A satellite communications operations center that is shared among a number of separate network users; often used for VSAT operations. SLT: Single Line Telephone. When configured for this option, a voice/fax module operates in loop start mode and provides the loop to the attached device. SSPA: Solid State Power Amplifier. A high-power amplifier using semiconductors to amplify the signal. Sun Outage: When the sun passes behind a satellite in relation to the earth, and the sun's energy momentarily interferes with the satellite signals. Occurs two times each year during spring and fall equinox. Synchronous: Refers to a clocked data stream with a constant time interval between successive bits. TIC: T1 Interface Expansion Card. An expansion module that can be installed in the SDM-9400. TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access. A method of accessing a satellite using time separation; sending simultaneous data streams interleaved using a clock to separate the various data packets. Teleport: Technical ground facility used for satellite communications. Terrestrial: In communications parlance, this refers to earth, land or ground-based telecommunications systems. Transceiver: A combination transmitter and receiver. Transponder: A satellite component that receives and retransmits a TV signal or perhaps many narrower-band data or audio channels. Two-wire: A circuit that uses the same two wires for both inbound and outbound signals. Uplink: To transmit to a satellite for relay; also, the dish used to transmit. V.35: CCITT standard interface employing balanced clocks and data along with unbalanced control signals. VFC-03: An optional expansion module that can be installed in the SDM-9400 VHF: Very High Frequency. The band in the 30 to 300 MHz ranges. VPN: Virtual Private Network. A capability that allows users to create their own private information network. VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal. A means of narrowcast transmission of video, voice and data by SCPC means to a satellite; typically used in business applications. XPOL: Cross-Polarization. Allows two separate signals, one vertical and the other horizontal, to exist on the same frequency and pass independently of each other. WAN: Wide Area Network.
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Verso Technologies Inc. 400 Galleria Parkway, Suite 300 Atlanta, GA 30339 USA
620-0097-001 Rev. E