() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.

com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction In early days the mode of transportation is very slow as the time passes world made progress and the different revolution takes place which demands the fast mode of transportation. The new generation of fast transportation are the railways, aero planes, cars etc. The railway transportation is very important for any nation. Railways is very fast service and hence there is a possibility of accidents like collisions, derailment and accident due to weather condition In this project we are try to make device which sense there is an obstacle in path of the train or any another is coming on the same track from another side. We have deal with the condition of collision between two trains and try to find out the method to avoid the collision in normal and abnormal condition. We are try to make device which avoid the collision between two trains mean an ANTI COLLISION DEVICE (ACD) The Anti Collision Device (ACD) circuit which we are designed has divide into two parts 1. Transmitting Unit 2. Receiving Unit 3. Regulated Power Supply In India rail transport is the most commonly used mode of long distance transportation. Rail operations throughout the country are run by the state-owned company, Indian Railways. The rail network traverses through the length and breadth of the country, covering a total length of 63,140 km (39,200 miles). It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, transporting over 5 billion passengers and over 350 million tonne of freight annually. Its operations cover twenty-seven states and three Union territories and also links the neighboring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Railways were first introduced to India in 1853, and by 1947, the year of India's independence; it had www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. grown to forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalized as one unit, to become one of the largest networks in the world. A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832, but no further steps were taken for more than a decade. In 1844, the Governor-General of India Lord Hardinge allowed private entrepreneurs to set up a rail system in India. Two new railway companies were created and the East India Company was asked to assist them. Interest from a lot of investors in the UK led to the rapid creation of a rail system over the next few years. The first train in India became operational on 1851-12-22, and was used for the hauling of construction material in Roorkee. A few years later, on 1853-04-16, the first passenger train between Bori Bunder, Bombay and Thana covering a distance of 34 km (21 miles) was inaugurated, formally heralding the birth of railways in India. The Second World War severely crippled the railways as trains were diverted to the Middle East, and the railway workshops converted into munitions workshops. At the time of independence in 1947, a big chunk of the railways went to the then newly formed Pakistan. The existing rail networks were abandoned in favour of zones in 1951 and a total of six zones came into being in 1952. As the economy of India improved, almost all railway production units were in designed. By 1985, steam locomotives were phased out in favour of diesel and electric locomotives. The entire railway reservation system was streamlined with Computerizations in 1995. 1.1.1 Tracks Used In Railways Broad gauge is the most predominant gauge used by the Indian railway. The total length of track used by Indian Railways is about 108,706 km (67,547 miles). Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 75 to 160 km/h (47 to 99 mph). Indian railways uses three gauges, the Broad gauge (wider than the standard gauge - 4 ft 8 in (1,435 mm)); the meter gauge; and the Narrow gauge (narrower than the standard gauge). Broad gauge - 1,676 mm (5.5 ft) - is the most widely used gauge in India with 86,526 km (53,765 miles) of track. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway and the Darjeeling Himalayan

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Railway are two famous lines that use narrow gauge. This gauge is also used by zoos in India, whose tracks are sometimes maintained by the railways

1.1.2

Locomotives Used in railways Indian Railways use a specialized classification code for identifying its

locomotives. The code is usually three or four letters, followed by a digit identifying the model (either assigned chronologically or encoding the power rating of the locomotive). This could be followed by other codes for minor variations in the base model. The three (or four) letters are, from left to right, the gauge of tracks on which the locomotive operates, the type of power source or fuel for the locomotive, and the kind of operation the locomotive can be used for. The gauge is coded as 'W' for broad gauge, 'Y' for metre gauge, 'Z' for the 762 mm narrow gauge and 'N' for the 610 mm narrow gauge? The power source code is 'D' for diesel, 'A' for AC traction, 'C' for DC traction and 'CA' for dual traction (AC/DC). The operation letter is 'G' for freight-only operation, 'P' for passenger trains-only operation, 'M' for mixed operation (both passenger and freight) and 'S' for shunting operation. A number alongside it indicates the power rating of the engine. For example '4' would indicate a power rating of above 4,000 hp (2,980 kW) but below 5,000 hp (3,730 kW). An alphabet following the number is used to give an exact rating. For instance 'A' would be an additional 100 horsepower; 'B' 200 hp and so on. Thus, a WDM-3D is a broad-gauge, diesel-powered, mixed mode (suitable for both freight and passenger duties) and has a power rating of 3400 hp (2.5 MW).The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a World Heritage Site, and one of the few steam engines in operation in India. The first electric locomotives were manufactured by Indian Railways in 1970. There is a wide variety of electric locomotives used, ranging between 2800 to 6350 hp (2.1 to 4.7 MW) 1.1.3 Traction System in railways

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. About 16,000 km of the total 63,028 km route length is electrified. Most places use 25,000 V AC through overhead centenary delivery. A major exception is the entire Mumbai section, which uses 1,500 V DC. This is currently undergoing change to the 25,000 V system, and is scheduled for completion by 2008. Another exception is the Kolkata Metro, which uses 750 V DC delivered through a third rail Traction voltages need to be changed at two places in the vicinity of Mumbai. Central Railway trains approaching through Igatpuri switch from AC to DC using a neutral section that may be switched to either voltage while the locomotives are decoupled and swapped. Western Railway trains switch power on the fly, in a section between Virar (DC) and Vaitarna (AC), where the train continues on its own momentum for about 30 m through an un-electrified dead zone. All electric engines and EMUs operating in this section are necessarily AC/DC dual system type (classified "WCAM" by Indian Railways). In India, trains are classified on the basis of their speed and the area of operation and are officially known by a four digit code. Apart from the trains, Indian Railways also has an approximate of 7739 locomotives, 39,263 coaches, 2,22,147 freight wagons, 700 repair shops, 2300 good sheds and more than 7000 stations. With sprinting pace of technology today, in the form of computerization, railways system of India has emerged as one of the most proficient rail networks in the whole world. 1.2 Accidents in Railways System 1900 to 1910. September 27, 1903 Wreck of the Old 97Danville, Virginia Southbound Southern Railway passenger train No. 97, en route from Monroe, Virginia to Spencer, North Carolina, derails at Still house Trestle near Danville and plunges into the ravine below. Eleven are killed including the engine crew.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. October 15, 1907 Shrewsbury rail accident, Shrewsbury, England: Evening sleeping-car and mail train from Manchester to the west of England derailed, probably due to driver error, 18 killed. April 20, 1908 Sunshine train disaster, Melbourne, Australia: Rear-end collision, kills 44 and injures around 400. April 12, 1909 Gary, Indiana, United States: A westbound Chicago South Shore & South Bend Railroad train runs past a meet point and causes a head-on collision with the eastbound train. 1915 to 1920 June 22, 1918 Hammond circus train wreck, near Hammond, Indiana, United States: An empty Michigan Central Railroad troop train ploughs into the rear end of the stopped Hagenbeck-Wallace circus train. 86 killed, 127 injured. This accident will be recreated, Hollywood-style, in Cecil B. DeMille's The Greatest Show on Earth, released in 1952. November 1, 1919 Vigerslev train crash, Denmark: An express train collides at speed with a stopped train due to a dispatcher error. 40 people are killed and about 60 injured. 1930 to 19450 January 22, 1930 Berea, Ohio, USA: New York Central mail train headed for Chicago broadsides a school bus at grade. 9 passengers, all aged 6-11, and the driver died. He had stopped for a passing freight, then proceeded, without looking, into the path of the mail train. January 29, 1940 Three gasoline multiple units carrying factory workers crash and explode while approaching Ajikawaguchi station, Nishinari Line (present-day Sakurajima Line), Osaka, Japan, killing at least 181 people and injuring at least 92.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.
October 24, 1947 South Croydon rail crash, South London, England: Signalman

improperly uses release key to free signals. Two commuter trains collide in thick fog, 32 killed. February 17, 1950 Rockville Centre, New York, United States: a head-on collision between two Long Island Rail Road commuter trains kills 32 and injures 158.

1960 to 1980 May 15, 1960 Leipzig, East Germany: Two local trains collide in Leipzig central station owing to a dispatcher error. 54 die, 200 are injured. November 16, 1960 Stblov train disaster, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic): 118 are killed and 110 injured in a head-on collision. February 1, 1970 A Tucuman-Buenos Aires express train collides with standing local train at Benavide railroad station, outskirt of Buenos Aires, Argentina,on both trains were 1,100 passengers on-board. In an incident of express train is mechanical failures. According official of Argentine estimate report, 236 killed, another 360 injured. June 2, 1980 Hinsnoret-Orns, Dalarna, Sweden: 11 killed and over 60 injured as a passenger train and a freight train collide. July 25, 1980 Winsum, the Netherlands: Two trains collide on a single track between Groningen and Roodeschool resulting in 9 deaths and 21 injured. 1990 to 2000 January 4, 1990 A Multan-Karachi Bahauddin Express collided head-on with standing 67 cars of freight train at Sangi station, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. In an www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. incident caused by railroad workers error of switched onto track line. Pakistani official estimated killing 307, and another 500 more injured.
February 2, 1990 Rsselsheim, Germany: Two S-Bahn commuter trains collide,

killing 17 and injuring 80.

April 16, 1990 Lysaker, Oslo, Norway: Two local passenger trains collide, 5

killed.

2000 to 2005 January 4, 2000 sta accident, sta in mot, Norway: Two diesel passenger trains collide on the Rrosbanen killing 19. The fire after the collision lasted nearly 6 hours January 12, 2001 Nvoungouti, Congo: Over 30 die when two trains collide because of a brake failure at Nvoungouti May 10, 2002 Potters Bar rail crash, north of London, England, United Kingdom: a northbound train derails at high speed; 7 die, 11 seriously injured. January 3, 2003 Ghatnandur train crash, 18 people die in the collision of two trains at Ghatnandur in Maharashtra
April 22, 2004 Ryongchon disaster, North Korea: 161 killed and more than 1000

injured when an explosion takes place. 2005 to dec 2008

January 7, 2005 A passenger train running from Verona to Bologna fails to stop

at a red light and collides frontally with a freight train, near Crevalcore. There was thick fog at the time of the accident. 13 die.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.
January 25, 2008 Amtrak train 91, the Silver Star, collided with a garbage truck

sitting on the tracks on CR 427 in Longwood, Florida while waiting for the traffic light to change at the intersection next to the crossing. The two occupants of the garbage truck were not wearing seat belts and were ejected; one was seriously injured and the other was killed. There were no injuries on the train .
December 23, 2008 Ventspils, Latvia: A fuel cargo train crashed into a

stationary train, killing two. Ten fuel tankers flared up.

2009 to till date

January 1, 2009 One person is killed and six others injured after a QR Sunlander

train collided with a garbage truck at a level crossing with no boom gates or warning lights, near Innisfail, Queensland.
March 29, 2009 - rear end collision in Gulwe - Igandu section (Mpwapwa district),

killing dozens of passengers and injuring many others. Equipment breakdown and culpability

1.3

Methods To Prevent the Accidents

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Before we mention the method to prevent the accident first we know the different types of the accidents. There is two type of classification of accidents are as follow-

(a)Rear-end Collision

A rear-end collision (often called simply rear-end or in the UK a shunt) is a traffic accident wherein a vehicle (usually an automobile or a truck) crashes into the vehicle in front of it, so called because it hits its rear. It may also be a rail accident wherein a train runs into the rear of a preceding train.Typical scenarios for rear-ends are a sudden deceleration by the first car (for example, to avoid someone crossing the street) the following car that does not have the time to brake and collides with the first at a road junction the following car accelerates more rapidly than the leading. (b) Head on Collision A head-on collision is one where the front ends of two ships, trains, planes or vehicles hit each other, as opposed to a side-collision or rear-end collision.With rail, a head-on collision often implies a collision on a single line railway. This usually means that at least one of the trains has passed a signal at danger, or that a signalman has made a major error. Head-on collisions may also occur at junctions, for similar reasons. 1.3.1 Different Preventions Methods 1. A no. Of safety drives at regular intervals are carried out by officers and supervisors to improve awareness among staff to prevent accidents. During the drive officers and supervisors travel extensively during night and day, by engines as well as in Guard vans. They meet staff working in the field and explain finer aspects of safety. www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. 2. A no. Of safety seminars are conducted on various safety sensitive subjects to improve awareness among railway staff as accident prevention measure. 3. In house safety bulletins are published, in which finer aspects of safety are discussed in detail. 4. Special drives are conducted to counsel, educate and improve awareness among general public regarding prevention of accidents at unmanned level crossings. 5. Printed handbills are distributed among road users near unmanned level crossings, petrol pumps and villages about unmanned level crossings. 6. Advertisements are regularly published in newspapers to educate and improve awareness among public on rail safety issues. 7. Advertisements are also displayed in electronic media as well as in film theatres on railway safety issues. 8. To prevent fire accidents do not carry inflammable/combustible articles like Petrol, kerosene oil, diesel, films, fire works, gas cylinders etc. 9. Do not light a cigarette in trains. Smoking is prohibited in trains and stations. 10.Do not block the pathways in coaches with heavy luggages. In case of emergency like fire even you cannot come out of the coach quickly. 11.Be alert and reduce your speed while approaching railway unmanned level Crossing. 12.Stop your vehicle at the foot of the stop board. 13.Look at either side of the track personally or ask your assistant to do so.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. 14.Do not cross if you see any train/trolley approaching the gate or hear the sound of a train/trolley. 15.Never guess the speed of the train. 1.3.2 Anti Collision Device(ACD) Anti Collision Device (ACD) is based on the microprocessor, radio communication, GPS(GLOBAL POSITIOING SYSTEM). The heart of the ACD is an Intel 80386 processor that uses the DM&P M617 Intel chipset. It has an integrated digital radio modem and works on the VxWorks Real Time Operating System (RTOS). The 80386 featured three operating modes: real mode, protected mode and virtual mode. The protected mode which debuted in the 286 was extended to allow the 386 to address up to 4 GB of memory. The all new virtual 8086 mode (or VM86) made it possible to run one or more real mode programs in a protected environment. Network of self-acting micro-processor based communication device. which will automatically apply the brakes if there is any block on the track or any train is coming on the track. Train will automatically be brought to halt if the track is not clear. The train will start braking 3km ahead of a blockade. ACDs work on the principle of Distributed Control Systems. ACDs interact en-route with each other through radio communication within a radial range of 3 Kms. If 2 ACDs are at a risk of collision, the ACD system activates automatic braking. Intelligent braking system to ensure optimum braking and minimizes loss of operational time. Whenever a collision is sensed, the loco ACD applies the brakes automatically. The ACD is used the following components:I. Command Control Unit(CCU) 1.Microprosessor 2.Radio Trans receiver II. Automatic Braking Unit(ABU) III. GPS

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

CHAPTER 2
ANTI COLLISION DEVICE(ACD)
2.1 Anti Collision Device(ACD) Anti Collision Device is a system to prevent the collision either the head on or rear end between the two trains. ACD is the revolutionary method to prevent the direct collision between the trains. The whole ACD system is based on the the signal received from another ACD. The ACD consists of different components which provide the important information to main processor and processor take decision according to the situation. Anti Collision Device (ACD) is based on the microprocessor, radio communication, GPS (GLOBAL POSITIOING SYSTEM). The heart of the ACD is an Intel 80386 processor that uses the DM&P M617 Intel chipset. It has an integrated digital radio modem and works on the VxWorks Real Time Operating System (RTOS). The 80386 featured three operating modes: real mode, protected mode and virtual mode. The protected mode which debuted in the 286 was extended to allow the 386 to address up to 4 GB of memory.[10] The all new virtual 8086 mode (or VM86) made it possible to run one or more real mode programs in a protected environment. The ACD receives the signals from various different transmitters like from loco ACDs transmitter, ACDs repeaters, Station ACDs and from the GPS. As the ACD receive the signal the Processor unit receive all important data like latitude, longitude, track ID, time,date and location of the train.The received data is compared with the actual data of particular train and then according to circumstances the processor take whether to apply www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. brakes or not. If brakes is applied then the processor activate the automatic braking unit and the train stops.

2.2

Components Of ACD The main components of ACD are as follow1. Command Control Unit(CCU) 1. Microprosessor 2.Radio Trans receiver 2. Automatic Braking Unit(ABU) 3. GPS

2.2.1

Command Control Unit(CCU) The Command Control Unit is the brain of the ACD system. It take the important

decision regarding the movement of train when another train is in the same track.The CCU take decision according to the particular situation and if the situation is not under control than applied the brakes automatically .The CCU mainly of the two components. 1. Microprocessor 2. Radio Tran receivers 2.2.1.1 Microprocessor Intel 80386, otherwise known as the Intel386, i386 or just 386, is a microprocessor which has been used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers and www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. workstations since 1986. As the original implementation of the 32-bit form of the 8086architecture, the i386 instruction set, programming model, and binary encodings is still the common denominator for all 32-bit x86 processors. Successively newer implementations of this same architecture have become several hundred times faster than the original i386 chip during these years (or thousands of times faster than the 8086). A 33 MHz i386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4 MIPS. The 80386 featured three operating modes: real mode, protected mode and virtual mode. The protected mode which debuted in the 286 was extended to allow the 386 to address up to 4 GB of memory. The all new virtual 8086 mode (or VM86) made it possible to run one or more real mode programs in a protected environment. VxWorks is designed for use in embedded systems. Unlike "native" systems such as Unix, VxWorks development is done on a "host" machine running Unix or Windows, cross-compiling target software to run on various "target" CPU architectures.[1] The Foundation: VxWorks 6.x -The VxWorks platforms are based on the worlds most widely adopted RTOS. Built on a highly scalable, deterministic, hard real-time kernel, VxWorks enables companies to scale and optimize their run-time environment using only the specific technologies required by their device. From the smallest footprint requirement to the highest performance level, VxWorks gives developers the flexibility to build their optimal solution quickly and easily hile meeting cost, quality, and functionality requirements. VxWorks supports POSIX and industry-standard protocols such as IPv6 and TIPC, ensuring maximum code portability and interoperability. VxWorks 6.x is backward-compatible with previous releases, so developers can leverage and reuse existing projects, applications, board support packages (BSPs), and drivers, as well as open source applications. VxWorks 6 includes frameworks for file systems, power management, and interconnectivity, as well as comprehensive security capacities that begin at the core operating system level for absolute application and device security. 2.2.1.2 Radio Trans receiver The s e n s o r consists of an i n d u c t i o n l o o p . E l e c t r i c c u r r e n t generates a m a gn e t i c f i e l d , which collapses generating a current that falls asymptotically toward www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. zero from its initial level when the input electricity ceases. The i n d u c t a n c e of the loop changes according to the material inside it and since metals are much more effective inductors than other materials the presence of metal increases the current flowing through the loop. This change can be detected by sensing circuitry, which can signal to some other device whenever metal is detected.[2] Common applications of inductive sensors include m e t a l d e t e c t o r s , t r a f f i c l i g h t s , c a r w a s h e s , and a host of automated industrial processes. Because the sensor does not require physical contact it is particularly useful for applications where access presents challenges or where dirt is prevalent. The sensing range is rarely greater than 2 cm, however, and it has no directionality. [3] A Proximity sensor can detect objects without physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or beam and look for changes in the field. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor requires a metal target. [4] In capacitive proximity sensors, the sensed object changes the dielectric constant between two plates. A proximity sensor has a range, which is usually quoted relative to water. Because changes in capacitance take a relatively long time to detect, the upper switching range of a proximity sensor is about 50 Hz. The proximity sensor is often found in bulk-handling machines, level detectors, and package detection. One advantage of capacitive proximity sensors is that they are unaffected by dust or opaque containers, allowing them to replace optical devices. Conditioning the output of a proximity sensor has always been difficult. Proximity sensor designers must confront linearity, hysteresis, excitation voltage instability, and voltage offset. A proximity sensor that measures current flow between the sensing electrode and the target provides readouts in appropriate engineering units. [9] 2.2.2 Automatic Braking Unit(ABU)

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Automatic Braking Unit is used to slow down the speed of train coming on the same track. This braking unit has linked with braking mechanism of the locomotive to control the speed of the train. This braking unit reduces the speed of the train from 50km/hr to 20km/hr and hence it deduces the braking characteristic of the train. An ACD fitted train would now apply the brakes on the braking characteristic of the train whenever the situation of the collision is perceived. The air delivered by the compressor flows through the coupled main air reservoir pipe to the man air reservoirs in the different cars, where a pressure of 6-7 kg/cm2 (85-100psi) builds up. At the same time, the air flows through the centrifugal filters to the brake controllers.[10] The whole train is controlled from one driver's compartment. In this manned driver's compartment, the hand-operated isolating valve on the brake controller must be opened with the detachable handle. This establishes the electrical connections required for operation of the electrically controlled airbrake. In the unmanned driver's compartments the hand-operated isolating valve on the brake controller must be closed. Only one handle for turning the isolating valve should be available in each train. Since this handle is required for the brake controller which is in operation and it can only be removed when the isolating valve is closed, it follows that the isolating valves in the unmanned driver's compartments must be closed. The driver's handle of the brake controller in the unmanned driver's compartments must be in running position.[10] 2.2.3 GPS(Global positioning System) A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, precise orbital information (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). The receiver measures the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. Geometric trilateration is used to combine these distances with the location of the satellites to determine the receiver's location. The position is displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. also show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.[2]It might seem three satellites are enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions. However a very small clock error times the very large speed of light the speed at which satellite signals propagateresults in a large positional error. The receiver uses a fourth satellite to solve for x, y, z, and t which is used to correct the receiver's clock. While most GPS applications use the computed location only and effectively hide the very accurately computed time, it is used in a few specialized GPS applications such as time transfer and traffic signal timing. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known (for example, a ship or plane may have known elevation), a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a degraded position when fewer than four satellites are visible.[4] 2.3 Working Of ACD A Network of on-board (Locomotive and Guard) and track-side (Station, Level Crossing, Loco shed, Repeater and Sensor-based) ACDs that work on the principle of Distributed Control Systems. ACDs interact en-route with each other through radio communication within a radial range of 3 Kms. On-board computers use input from GPS system for determination of Train location, Speed, Course of travel and Time. If 2 ACDs are deemed to be at a risk of collision, the ACD system activates automatic braking operation to prevent collisions. Loco ACD is designed to interface with various types of braking systems of Locomotives[5]

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Figure. 2.1

TID is a two digit decimal number that uniquely identifies the track on which a Loco or Guard ACD is located inside the ACD territory. At Train originating Station, Guard ACD is loaded and switched on. As soon as Train starts, Loco ACD will identify automatically its Guard ACD and radiate its Guard ACD ID. On receipt of data packet from a Loco ACD containing its ACD-ID, the Guard ACD will assume the Loco ACDID and Track-ID of that Loco ACD, thus forming a CYBER Train. Loco ACD will conduct an Auto Brake Test (ABT), moment its speed becomes 50 Km/hr and reduce it by 20 Km/hr to deduce the braking characteristics of its Train. ACD fitted train would now apply brakes based on its braking characteristics, whenever a collision-like situation is perceived.[2] 2.4 Features of ACD 1.Detection & Prevention of Head-on, Rear-end and Side Collisions A UNIQUE feature even when a train is not protected by a signal, as in a block section. 2.Detection & generation of Train Parting / Jumbling-Consequently bringing any approaching train on the adjoining line to a dead stop. 3.Train Approach Warning for road users at Level Crossings both manned and unmanned - In addition, at manned non-interlocked level crossings, reducing the train speed to 30 Kmph in case the gate is detected in open condition through gate ACD. 4.Speed limit imposition - Based on preset conditions in functional requirements Specification (FRS) of ACD. 5.Manual SOS functionality available for Drivers, Guards and Station Masters 6.To bring all trains to a halt within a radial distance of 3 Kms, in emergencies.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. 7.Auto Brake Test Generating braking characteristics for a Train without manual feeding of data of coaches / load. 8.A UNIQUE feature as train characteristics are required to be fed manually in all other systems in the world.[3]

CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION OF ACD AS PROTOTYPE MODEL

3.1 Components Used Our project is Anti Collision System for Railways which in reality works with the help of GPS system, ACD system etc. We can not show the same thing in the lab. Hence in our prototype model of Anti Collision System in Railways, we have used following components. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
AT89C2051: ULN2003: LM555: 2N2222: LM7805: DC MOTORS:

3.1.1

AT89C2051 The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a power-ful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for opera-tion down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.[6]

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.1 Pin Configuration

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.2Block Diagram Of 89C2051 Microcontroller www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

3.1.1.1 Pin Description Pin Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Table 1 VCC Supply voltage GND Ground Description RESET - Reset P3.0 - Port 3 - RXD P3.1 - Port 3 - TXD XTAL2 - Crystal XTAL1 - Crystal P3.2 - Port 3 - INT0 P3.3 - Port 3 - INT1 P3.4 - Port 3 - TO P3.5 - Port 3 - T1 GND - Ground P3.7 - Port 3 P1.0 - Port 1 - AIN0 P1.1 - Port 1 - A1N1 P1.2 - Port 1 P1.3 - Port 1 P1.4 - Port 1 P1.5 - Port 1 P1.6 - Port 1 P1.7 - Port 1 Vcc - Positive Power Supply

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. Port 1 The Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 out-put buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.[7] Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Table 2 Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier 3.1.1.2 Oscillator Characteristics The XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 5-1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 52. There are no require-ments on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. [8]

Figure 3.3. Oscillator Connections

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.4. External Clock Drive Configuration 3.1.1.3 Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in the table below. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0. The AT89C2051 and is an economical and cost-effective member of Atmels growing family of microcontrollers. It contains 2K bytes of Flash program memory. It is fully compatible with the MCS-51 architecture, and can be programmed using the MCS-51 instruction set. However, there are a few considerations one must keep in mind when utilizing certain instructions to pro-gram this device. All the instructions related to jumping or branching should be restricted such that the destination address falls within the physical program memory space of the device, which is 2K for the AT89C2051. This should be the responsibility of the software programmer. For example, LJMP 7E0H would be a valid instruction for the AT89C2051 (with 2K of memory), whereas LJMP 900H would not. 3.1.1.4 MOVX-related Instructions, Data Memory The AT89C2051 contains 128 bytes of internal data memory. Thus, in the AT89C2051 the stack depth is limited to 128 bytes, the amount of available RAM. External DATA memory www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. access is not supported in this device, nor is external PROGRAM memory execution. Therefore, no MOVX [...] instructions should be included in the program. A typical 80C51 assembler will still assemble instructions, even if they are written in violation of the restrictions mentioned above. It is the responsibility of the controller user to know the physi-cal features and limitations of the device being used and adjust the instructions used correspondingly.[7]

3.1.1.5 Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. The P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to 0 if no external pull-ups are used, or set to 1 if external pull-ups are used. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. 3.1.1.6 Power Down Mode In the power-down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to 0 if no external pull-ups are used, or set to 1 if external pull-ups are used. 3.1.1.7 MOVX-related instructions, Data Memory: The AT89C2051 contains 128 bytes of internal data memory. Thus, in the AT89C2051 the stack depth is limited to 128 bytes, the amount of available RAM. External DATA memory access is not supported in this device, nor is external PROGRAM memory execution. Therefore, no MOVX [...] instructions should be included in the program. A typical 80C51 assembler will still assemble instructions, even if they are written in violation of the restrictions mentioned above. It is the responsibility of the controller user to know the physical features and limitations of the device being used and adjust the instructions used.

3.1.2

IC ULN 2003 This IC is also called he current driver IC. Its acts as interface medium between the

microcontroller(89C2501) with the motor. The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high voltage, high current darling ton arrays each containing seven open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal pr in the ad sand high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003Aand 2004Aare supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package(SO16)asULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.5 PIN CONNECTION OF ULN2003 3.1.3 IC LM555 The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.6 Schematic Diagram Of LM555 Timer

In our model the LM555 Timer act in mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot. The external capacitor is initially held discharged by a transistor inside the timer. Upon application of a negative trigger pulse of less than 1/3 VCC to pin 2, the flip-flop is set which both releases the short circuit across the capacitor and drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor then increases exponentially for a period of t = 1.1 RA C, at the end of which time the voltage equals 2/3 VCC. The comparator then resets the flip-flop which in turn discharges the capacitor and drives the output to its low state. Figure 2 shows the waveforms generated in this mode of operation. Since the charge and the threshold level of the comparator are both directly proportional to supply voltage, the timing interval is independent of supply.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. During the timing cycle when the output is high, the further application of a trigger pulse will not effect the circuit so long as the trigger input is returned high at least 10s before the end of the timing interval. However the circuit can be reset during this time by the application of a negative pulse to there set terminal (pin 4). The output will then remain in the lows tate until a trigger pulse is again applied. When the reset function is not in use, it is recommended that it be connected to VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

Figure 3.7 Monostable

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.8 Time Delay

3.1.4

2N2222 Transistor The 2N2222 is a small, common NPN BJT transistor used for general purpose

low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium curent, low power medium voltage and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal, but is more commonly available now in the cheaper TO-92 packaging. When biased backwards, and with no connection to the base, certain batches 2N2222 may exhibit negative resistance. If there is no reference diode, the base-emitter breakdown voltage may be used to give a fairly stable low-current reference voltage

3.1.4.1 Feature NPN switching transistors High current (max. 800 mA) Low voltage (max. 40 V).

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. 3.1.4.2 Pinning

Table 3

Figure 3.9 Simplified outline (TO-18) and symbol 3.1.4.3 QUICK REFERENCE DATA

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Table 4

3.1.4.4 LIMITING VALUES

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Table 5 3.1.5 IC LM7805 The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.[7]

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure.3.10 Block Diagram Of LM780 3.1.8 DC Motor An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, nearly always by the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors are found in a myriad of uses such as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and computer disk drives, among many other applications. Electric motors may be operated by direct current from a battery in a portable device or motor vehicle, or from alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the thousands of kilowatts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, and by application. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. Categorization of electric motors The classic division of electric motors has been that of Alternating Current (AC) types vs Direct Current (DC) types. This is more a de facto convention, rather than a rigid distinction. For example, many classic DC motors run on AC power, these motors being referred to as universal motors. The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles the distinction, as modern drivers have moved the commutator out of the motor shell. For this new breed of motor, driver circuits are relied upon to generate sinusoidal AC drive currents, or some approximation of. The two best examples are: the brushless DC motor and the stepping motor, both being poly-phase AC motors requiring external electronic control. Considering all rotating (or linear) electric motors require synchronism between a moving magnetic field and a moving current sheet for average torque production, there is a clearer distinction between an asynchronous motor and synchronous types. An asynchronous motor requires slip between the moving magnetic field and a winding set to induce current in the winding set by mutual inductance; the most ubiquitous example being the common AC induction motor which must slip in order to generate torque. In the synchronous types, induction (or slip) is not a requisite for magnetic field or current production (eg. permanent magnet motors, synchronous brush-less wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine). 3.1.8.1 Torque capability of motor types Electric machines without a transformer circuit topology, such as Field-Wound (i.e., electromagnet) or Permanent Magnet (PM) Synchronous electric machines cannot realize bursts of torque higher than the maximum designed torque without saturating the magnetic core and rendering any increase in current as useless. Furthermore, the permanent www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. magnet assembly of PM synchronous electric machines can be irreparably damaged, if bursts of torque exceeding the maximum operating torque rating are attempted. Electric machines with a transformer circuit topology, such as Induction (i.e., asynchronous) electric machines, Induction Doubly-Fed electric machines, and Induction or Synchronous Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed (WRDF) electric machines, exhibit very high bursts of torque because the active current (i.e., Magneto-Motive-Force or the product of current and winding-turns) induced on either side of the transformer oppose each other and as a result, the active current contributes nothing to the transformer coupled magnetic core flux density, which would otherwise lead to core saturation. 3.2 Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.11 Transmitting Unit

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

Figure 3.12 Receiving Unit

3.3

Working Of The Circuit Diagram The whole circuit consists of two parts (a) The Transmitter Unit (b) The Receiving Unit

3.3.1

The Transmitter Unit: In Transmitter we have used the microcontroller 89C2051. The pin 4 and 5 of the

microcontroller is used to provide the input frequency to the microcontroller operates at 400-450 MHz. The microcontroller requires a supply of 5 volt which it receives from the supply circuit.which is consists of the bridge rectifiers and he IC LM7805.The circuit of www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose. crystal oscillators connected to the pin number 4(XTAL2) and pin number 5(XTAL1).The microcontroller generate frequency with the help of programming. The microprocessor generates frequency of 38 kHz which consist of the carrier wave and low frequency pulse. This pulse is send to the transistor, the transistor is BC548. The transistor BC548 act as a current amplifier which amplify the low input from the microprocessor to high which has to produce the Infra Red signals from the LED. The two LED is connected to the transistor BC548. As frequency reach to the LEDs it generate the IR(Infra Red) signal which moves in forward direction. If there is any obstacle then it returns back and if there is no obstacle then the signals moves forward. There is a bridge rectifier which convert the current which it is received from the step down transformer and give this potential to the microcontroller 89C2051. The 12 V supply is given to the dc motor as the motor is run at the 12 V. IC LM7805 take input 12 V from the rectifier and convert it ito the 5 v and give supply to the microcontroller. 3.3.2 The Receiver Unit: The receiver unit consist of the sensor TSOP 1738, the timer, LM555,the microcontroller, current driver IC ULN2003A which used to filter the resulted signal and pass only the message signal. It gives output 1 when there is a obstacle and give output 0 if there is no obstacle in the path. The output is given to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that if it receives 1 then it give 0 as input to the current driver IC ULN2003A and if it receive 0 as input then it give 1 as input it ULN2003A. As t he ULN2003A receive 0 as input it give output 1 and the motor is stopped and if it receive 1 as input then it give 0 as output and motor is start running and not stopped. There is a buzzer which is connected to the port P1.1 and P1.3 .If there is an obstacle then red LED is ON and if no obstacle then green LED is ON. There is a buzzer which is connected to the ULN2003A as the output is 1 then the buzzer blow. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs. www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In our project we have deal with the condition of collision between the two trains if coming on the same track and our main objective is to avoid the collision between the trains. To avoid the collision between two trains we have make a system called Anti Collision System(ACD). There have different electronic components which make this device possible. The two different circuits are placed on two different locomotives. Each one has sensor which receive the signal if any obstacle coming in the path or any train is coming on the same track. The sensor can send the signal to the microcontroller and it stops the motor and hence train stops. This project is already implemented in some railways and Government is planning to implement this technology in all over India till 2013. Anti Collision Device is the means through which head-on collision or rear collision can be averted. Railway is the largest network for traveling as well as transportation. But accidents are the major concern in railways. When ACD system is implemented in railways, the rail becomes able to sense the possibility of accident and can apply brakes automatically In foggy season trains driver are not able to see few meters clearly and hence lead to increase the possibility of the accidents .Due to this reason trains get delayed in the foggy season. ACD system can be used to overcome the problem arise due to foggy conditions. ACD can also used in the aero planes which prevent the collision between the two aero planes in air or on the land . Hence the ACD system has a very wide and open scope for the future.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

() www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all Engineering Projects, Presentation, seminar, summer training report and lot more. NOTE:-This work is copyright () to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/