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Waste ?
Waste is defined as 'any material that are no longer desired and has no current or substance that has been discarded or otherwise designated as a waste material, or one that may become hazardous by interaction with other substances Every year, billions of tons of solid wastes are discarded into our environment. These wastes range in nature from common household trash to complex materials in industrial wastes, range in nature from common household trash to complex materials in industrial wastes, such as hospitals and laboratories.
Technically.
Waste is food (for another system) a resource in the wrong place any byproduct of a human process that does not meaningfully contribute to the goal of meeting human needs any human activity that absorbs resources but creates no value
Paper 30%
Magnitude of Problem
1.95 kg/capita-day (1-3 kg/capita-day) 258 Tg in 1998 (2 billion tons)
60% residential 40% Commercial Volume 100 m by 100m by 35,600 m (Mt Everest)
Characteristics
Refuse or solid waste- Just about everything Garbage, animal and vegetable waste
Management Hierarchy
Source Reduction Reuse/Recycle Composting Incineration Land Filling
Source Reduction
Source reduction is the most feasible and economic method of waste reduction as this helps in reducing the waste and at the same time also cut cost. Source reduction helps us in saving the resources and when we are reducing the sources of waste generation at the same time we are saving our resources.
Reuse/Recycle/Recovery
Reuse - involves selling materials or waste to external dealers i.e. off-site or on-site, where the material or waste is reprocessed/recovered and reused within the industry Recycle - refers to recycling materials and energy within the process. Recovery - This is the process of reclaiming valuable resources from wastes in the form of raw materials, byproducts/products. Recovery normally is the preceding activity to recycle or reuse. NOTE: However, recycling and reuse options can incur somewhat increased risk and liability due to threats to product quality risks.
Composting
After the source reduction, reuse, recycle and recovery of the waste then comes the easiest and safest method of dealing with the waste; COMPOSTING, composting is the use of waste in form of manure for agricultural use. The mail disadvantage of this process is that only selected type of waste can be processed under this category, e.g. wet household waste, animal waste and wet agricultural waste.
Composting
Controlled aerobic partial degradation of organic wastes
H2O Heat CO2
O2 Nutrients H2O
Composting Contd
Organic solids Decomposition stable, humus-like material Aerobic micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi) Garden or industrial/municipal scale Source of organic matter + nutrients Product: high organic matter good soil amendment high in trace metals organic contaminants: toxic
Composting Contd
Need to control: C:N ratio N too low: inhibits microorganisms (add food waste, manure) N too high NH3 (add sawdust, straw, paper) Content of metals, organics, pathogens Temperature (50-60C: speeds reactions, kills pathogens. Exothermic) Aeration mix to prevent compaction, microorganisms need aerobic environment Water supply Time 30-45 days
Landfill
Highest proportion of domestic waste Design is very important Prevention of contamination of ground or surface water Solid, liquid, gas Rainwater dissolves waste + reaction/decay products React leachate Biological reactions CH4 gas Leachate/gas: change with time (quantity/composition)
Landfill Sites
Above ground Hole-filling Limited Lifetime e.g., 15 years, 4Mt waste (e.g.Beddington Farm, Sutton) Facilities e.g.,
Other uses e.g., sand + gravel extraction alongside Landfilling rapid reclamation/restoration
Landfill Operation
Cellular structure: Lining + cover Cells: covered with soil each day so as to reduce water infiltration Compaction Reduces: Increases:
Clay
Landfill: Leachate
Liquid rich in organics, mineral salts, bacteria moves with surface/groundwater Organics: bacteria degrading organics increased BOD reduced oxygen content eutrophication of surface water Ammonia NH3: increases OD, toxic for fish fertilizer: affects ecology Fe2+ (ferrous iron): ochreous deposits (yellow): turbidity Heavy metals may be toxic Cl-, SO42-, P, Ca Physical effects: Suspended solids, colour, turbidity, affect light, thus affect the aquatic food chain Temperature
Landfill Gas
Gas composition evolves: Initially aerobic : CO2 (+ N2, O2) Over time becomes anaerobic O20, N2<1% CO2 + CH4 CH4 (methanogenic bacteria) Rate of gas production: waste composition, compaction, pulverisation, moisture, temperature, pH slow generation / long duration - rapid generation/ short duration Explosion Risk: e.g. Loscoe, Derbyshire, 1986 due to low pressure weather system
Number of Landfills
Number of landfills
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Year
Siting
Where would you site a landfill?
NIMBY Not In My Back Yard NIMET Not In My Elected Term BANANA Build Absolutely Nothing Anytime Near Anyone
Incineration/Waste to Energy
Incineration Contd.
High temperature combustion of waste Must be controlled + managed organic chemicals CO2, H2O inorganic residue Products: Atmospheric emissions Waste Water Ash May include energy recovery Can be close to population (unlike landfill) Reduces volume of waste by 90% Reduces methane/leachate problems in landfill
Incineration Contd.
Produces CO2, SO2, NOx, PAH, Cl-organics Solid residue (ash) must be disposed of Release of fly ash into air Refractory elements ash Volatile elements vapour e.g., Cd, Pb, Hg Public concern over emissions (dioxins)
Waste-to-Energy (WTE)
Heating value = f (composition) Removal of non-combustibles Increase heating value
MSW typically 8-15 MJ/kg RDF typically 14-18 MJ/kg
Incineration: Emissions
Particulates Acid-generating gases CO2/CO Volatilisation depends on source/nature of waste, incinerator operating conditions, etc. e.g., Pb reducing: S S2- PbS volatile @ 1000C oxidising PbO (more volatile) chlorinated waste e.g., PVC PbCl2 (completely volatile) Improved technology and legislation separators, scrubbers, filters, cyclones clean-up of stack gases, capture of fly ash
88
90
92
00
02
overall life cycle environmental burden environmental trade-offs change parts of cycle compare e.g., paper vs polystyrene cups
OUTPUTS
Energy
Transportation
Discharges
Disposal/Recycling
Organizational Behavior
Waste Prevention
Improved Operating Procedures Waste Segregation Good Housekeeping 5S Program 7 Wastes
Resource Conservation
Recycle , Reuse & Recovery Off-site recycling On-site Recycling Energy Conservation Process Modification Input Material Changes Process / Equipment Changes
Increase in productivity by 32 per cent. Daily glycerin yield increased by 5 per cent i.e., an additional 6 kilograms. Reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater.
Degreasing wastewater
Raw materials
Process 2
Product
Waste Waste
Segregate Hazardous Waste
Leaks to be identified and fixed Accidental spillage to be avoided Maintain up- to- date operating manuals and update records
The 5S Technique
Seiri - Sorting Seiton - Arranging Seiso Cleaning and Inspecting Seiketsu Improving and standardizing Shitsuke - Self-Discipline
7 Wastes
Waiting: Leaving resources waiting during production. Transporting: Moving material unnecessarily in the factory. Processing: Waste inherent in the process or design. Inventory: Keeping high inventory or work-in-process. Motions: Unnecessary movement of worker during operation. Defect: Producing defective parts or poor products. Overproduction: Produces more than required or needed quantity.
WASTE INCINERATOR
Any Questions?
Dr. I.D.Mall
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