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Motor Management Relay Course

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Motor Theory

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Motor Theory

A2

A1

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Motor Theory

Two main components comprise a 3 phase AC induction motor: Rotor Stator

A Slight air gap exists between the rotor and stator

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Motor Theory

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Motor Theory

Ns = 120 F P
Pole # 2 4 6 8 10 Synchronous 3600 1800 1200 900 720

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Motor Theory

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Motor Theory

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Motor Theory

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Motor Theory

% Slip = Ns - Nr x 100 % Ns

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Motor Specifications

600%

Starting Current: when rated voltage and frequency is applied to NEMA B motor, it will typically draw 600% of full-load current and decrease to rated value as rotor comes up to speed

100%

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Motor Specifications

Torque Radius

Force

Torque

= Force x Radius = Force x Radius x 2 / Time

Distance = Circumference = Radius x 2 Power

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Motor Specifications

Horsepower: Engineering unit of power

33,000 lb 1ft in 1 min

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Motor Specifications

Efficiency: an indication of how much electrical energy is converted to output shaft mechanical energy expressed as a percentage. Losses Core loss Stator loss Rotor Loss Electrical Energy in Mechanical Energy Friction and Windage Stray loss

Electrical Energy in = Mechanical Energy out + Losses (mostly heat)

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Motor Specifications

Classes of Insulation:
Class A Class B Class F Class H

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Motor Specifications

Service Factor: When the voltage and frequency are maintained at the values specified on the nameplate the motor may be overloaded up to the horsepower obtained by multiplying the nameplate horsepower by the service factor. At the service factor load greater then 1.0 the motors efficiency, power factor and speed will differ from nameplate. But the locked rotor current and breakdown torque will remain the same. For a given insulation motors with a 1.15 service factor have a lower rise then those with a service factor of 1.0. This allows the motor to operate close to the service factor without exceeding rated temperature limits of the insulation. If the motor is operated at the Service factor the motor will have a temperature rise in excess of the 100% rated rise for motors with a 1.0 service factor. This will shorten the life expectancy considerably.

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Review: Basic Low voltage motor protection

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Information required:
Motor FLA Locked Rotor Current Locked Rotor Time Hot Locked Rotor Time Cold Safe Stall Time Cold Service Factor Motor damage curve

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The Motor Management Relays have three basic categories of protection elements:

TRIPS ALARMS BLOCKS

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Trips

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Alarms

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Block Starts

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling Starting Current Ambient Temperature

Motor Losses

Unbalanced Current

Overload setpoint Volume depending on motor Motor Cooling

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Thermal Modeling

40%

Thermal Capacity required to start

80%

Thermal Capacity Used due to Overload

20%

80%

60%

Thermal Capacity must decay by 20% (from 80% to 60% Used) in order to start the motor

Figure 2-1

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

Typical Motor Thermal limits Curve

Thermal limit curve when motor is cold
Time in seconds

Thermal limit curve when motor is hot Acceleration curve @ 80% rated voltage Acceleration curve @100% voltage

Phase current in multiplies of FLC

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Thermal Modeling

Built in overload curves

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Thermal Limit Curves
100000

Thermal Modeling

Motor Manufacturer's Thermal Limit Curve

269 Plus Custom Overload Curve 10000

1000 44 sec. Time (seconds)

Therefore, after this motor has completed a successful start, the Thermal Capacity would have reached approximately 40%.

Motor Acceleration Curve 38 sec. 100

9 sec. 10 3 sec

1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 Percent Full Load 620 20 60

Figure 8.3

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Thermal Limit Curves
100000

Thermal Modeling

Motor Manufacturer's Thermal Limit Curve

269 Plus Custom Overload Curve 10000

Therefore, after this motor has completed a successful start, the Thermal Capacity would have reached approximately 40%.
44 sec.

1000 Time (seconds)

Motor Acceleration Curve 38 sec. 100

9 sec. 10 3 sec

Figure 8.3
1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 Percent Full Load 620 20 60

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Thermal Modeling

If a 40% TC was used to start initially running O/L curve area will be reduced by 40% from that of the cold curve area

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

Time in seconds

b d 15 c 10 1 a Phase Current in Multiplies of FLC

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

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Thermal Modeling

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Thermal Modeling

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Model Cooling 80% load

Thermal Model Cooling 100% load

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Model Cooling Motor Stopped

Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

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Thermal Modeling

Thermal Modeling:
Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold safe stall ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and start inhibit RTD biasing

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Thermal Modeling

RTD input is a indicator of the thermal capacity used dependent on stator temperature (very slow). The relay will use the calculated thermal capacity unless the RTD thermal capacity is higher.

Figure 8.4: RTD Bias Curve Example

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Instantaneous Short Circuit Protection

100000

10000

Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

Motor Thermal Limit

1000 Time (seconds) 100

Acceleration curve (motor current during starting)

10

Locked Rotor current

1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 Percent Full Load 605 20 60

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Ground Fault

Resistive Grounded System and a Inductive Grounded System

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Ground Fault

Figure 4.2: Zero Sequence CT (Moisey, 1997)

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Ground Fault

Figure 4.3: Residual Ground Fault Connection (Moisey, 1997)

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DC Offset

Ground Fault

Figure 4.4: Asymmetrical Starting Current (GE Multilin, 1998)

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Phase Differential

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Mechanical Jam

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Undercurrent

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Under Voltage

If an induction motor operating at full load is subjected to an under voltage condition, the following effects will occur (Moisey, 1997): Full load speed will decrease efficiency will decrease power factor will increase full load current will increase temperature will increase Most motors are designed close to the saturation point: increasing the V/HZ ratio could cause saturation of air gap flux causing heating

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Overvoltage

When the motor is running in an overvoltage condition, the following affects will occur (Moisey, 1997): slip will decrease because slip is inversely proportional to the square of the voltage efficiency will increase slightly and power factor will decrease because the current being drawn by the motor will decrease temperature rise will decrease because the current has decreased (based on the formula I2t)

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Acceleration Timer

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Soft Starter Using Autotransformer

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C.T. Characteristics
.02 ohm

.01 ohm

Secondary Voltage

Vk Knee Point: The point at which a 10% increase in voltage produces a 50% increase in magnetizing current Vf

Exciting current

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AC Saturation

No Saturation

Partly Saturated

Sever Saturation

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DC Saturation

Primary current Secondary Current

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24 15

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ANSI Device Numbers

2 21 25 27 30 32 37 38 40 46 47 49 50 51 59 60

Time-delay Distance Synchronism-check Undervoltage Annunciator Directional power Undercurrent or under power Bearing Field Reverse-phase Phase-sequence voltage Thermal Instantaneous Overcurrent AC time overcurrent Overvoltage Voltage balance

63 64 67 68 69 74 76 78 79 81 85 86 87 94

Pressure Apparatus ground AC directional OC Blocking Permissive Alarm DC overcurrent Out-of-step AC reclosing Frequency Carrier or pilotwire Lock out Differential Tripping

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239 Motor Protection Relay

FEATURES Status/current/temperature display Fault diagnosis Trip record Memory lockout Thermal capacity/load %/RTD analog output Trip/alarm/auxiliary/service relay outputs Simulation mode for field testing RS485 Modbus communications interface AC/DC control power Compact size, fits most starters Update options and/or MODs in field CSA/UL Approved

PROTECTION Overload (15 Selectable Curves) Short circuit Locked rotor Stall / mechanical jam Repeated starts Single phase/unbalance Ground fault Over temperature (Thermistor & 3 RTDs) Undercurrent Overload warning Breaker failure

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239 Motor Protection Relay

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239 Motor Protection Relay

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269 Motor Protection Relay

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269 Motor Protection Relay

Control Latched main trip relay, alarm relay 2 auxiliary relays Emergency restart capability Pre-trip alarm warnings Optional single-shot restart Metering and Monitoring Motor current (Amps, % full load) Motor thermal capacity Record of pre-trip motor values Record of motor statistical data Up to 6 stator RTD inputs Four additional RTD inputs Motor ambient air temperature Continual self-test Ground fault current Optional MPM metering of V W vars PF Hz MWh

Application Three phase AC motors Mechanical system protection Protection Stator winding over temperature Bearing over temperature Multiple starts Overloads 8 standard overload curves User defined overload FlexCurve Locked rotor Rapid trip/mechanical jam Unbalance/single phasing Short circuit Ground fault Undercurrent Phase reversal (meter option) Variable lock-out time "Learns" individual motor parameters

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269 Motor Protection Relay

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269 Motor Protection Relay

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369 Motor Protection Relay

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369 Motor Protection Relay

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369 Motor Protection Relay

SR469 Motor Management Relay

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469 Motor Protection Relay

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SPM

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Applications Collector-ring synchronous motors Brushless type synchronous motors Control Field application PF regulation maximizes efficiency Reluctance torque synchronizing Re-synchronizing Auto loading/unloading

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SPM

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SPM

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239 Motor Protection Relay

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239 Motor Protection Relay

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239 Motor Protection Relay Specifications

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Installation

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Installation

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#1

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Installation

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#3 No ground fault detection!

#2 Reduced ground fault speed of detection.

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Information required: Motor FLA Locked Rotor Current Locked Rotor Time Hot Locked Rotor Time Cold Safe Stall Time Cold Service Factor Motor damage curve

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Communications: Computer

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Setpoint: 239 Setup

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Setpoint: 239 Setup

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Setpoint: 239 Setup

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Setpoint: 239 Setup

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Setpoint: System Setup

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Setpoint: System Setup

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Start Time Allowed = SAFE STALL TIME COLDx((LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT)2 /(Actual Start Current) 2 ) Example: - normal inrush current is 6 x FLC - actual current inrush current was only 5 x FLC on a start - SAFE STALL TIME COLD has been set to 20 seconds maximum start time allowed would be: Start Time Allowed = SAFE STALL TIME COLDx((LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT)2 /(Actual Start Current) 2 ) = 20 x ((6) 2 /(5) 2 ) = 28.8 seconds

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Setpoint: Protection

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Lab 1

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Lab 2

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Setpoint: 239 Setup

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269 Motor Protection Relay

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Specifications

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269 Installation

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269 Installation

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369 Motor Protection Relay

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369 Motor Protection Relay

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369 Motor Protection Relay

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Specifications

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369 Installation

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Figure 34: TYPICAL WIRING

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Figure 36: ZERO SEQUENCE CT

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Figure 37: WYE/DELTA CONNECTION

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Figure 38: BACKSPIN VOLTAGE WIRING.

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RTD Wiring

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Digital Wiring

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Analog Output Wiring

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Relay Output Wiring

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REMOTE RTD MODULE INSTALLATION

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Remote RTD Module

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Interface options

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Software Installation

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369 Configuration

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Security

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Figure 4-9

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Digital Inputs

SR469 Motor Management Relay

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User Interface
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DISPLAY
40 character display Clear messages which do not require deciphering

STATUS INDICATORS
SR469 status Motor status Output relays

KEYS FOR LOCAL CONTROL Reset Next (to scroll messages) PROGRAM PORT INTERFACE RS232 for connection to a computer, 9600 baud

Numeric keypad HELP KEY

Provides context sensitive messages Control and programming keys for complete access without a computer

DRAWOUT HANDLE
with provision for a wire lead seal to prevent unauthorized removal

MAIN

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Specifications

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SR469 Installation

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VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVERLOAD CURVE

Locked rotor and 100% starting curvs very close and in some cases overlap: use voltage dependent curve to ensure no trip and faster restarts: use less TC

1). Enter worst case custom curve

Figure 4-10

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Figure 4-10

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Figure 4-11

Figure 4-12

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Figure 4-13

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SPM

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SPM

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SPM

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SPM Specifications

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Synchronous Motor Theory

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Synchronous Motor Theory

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Figure 2

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Figure 14

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Hall Effect DC CT

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Figures 16

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Figures 17

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Figure 18

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Typical rotating rectifier exciter schematic diagram with synchronous motor.

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Communication

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LAN Protocol Broadband Base band Asyncronous Transmissions

START BIT Data Bits

Stop bit Parity bit

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RS232

Com.

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RS232

Com.

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RS485 is a balanced system:

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Master Request Transmission: SLAVE ADDRESS - 1 byte FUNCTION CODE - 1 byte DATA - variable number of bytes depending on FUNCTION CODE CRC - 2 bytes

Slave Response Transmission: SLAVE ADDRESS - 1 byte FUNCTION CODE - 1 byte DATA - variable number of bytes depending on FUNCTION CODE CRC - 2 bytes