Fixation Is a chemical process by which biological tissues are preserved from decay, thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction.

Fixation terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions, and may also increase the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues. Embedding After the tissues have been dehydrated, cleared, and infiltrated with the embedding material, they are ready for external embedding. During this process the tissue samples are placed into molds along with liquid embedding material (such as agar, gelatin, or wax) which is then hardened. Sectioning Sectioning can be done in limited ways. Vertical sectioning perpendicular to the surface of the tissue is the usual method. Horizontal sectioning is often done in the evaluation of the hair follicles and pilosebaceous units. Tangential to horizontal sectioning is done inMohs surgery and in methods of CCPDMA. Staining Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed to give both contrasts to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Centrifugation Is a process by which, the homogenate or suspension of biological material is rotated in circle around a central axis at different speeds. The instrument used for this is called centrifuge. Due to the centrifugal force, the different components settle down in different layers, based on their mass. Chromatography It is a technique for separation of the components of a mixture by partitioning between two solvent systems. One of them is held immobile (stationary phase) and the other mobile (liquid phase).

Micro Dissection Particularly for molecular biological analysis methods such as quantitative PCR, successful examination depends on maximum precision and absolute freedom from contamination. The contact-free isolation and separation offered by the laser microdissection method is especially suitable for the following structures: Electrophoresis Is one of the principal tools of molecular biology. The basic principle is that DNA, RNA, and proteins can all be separated by means of an electric field. In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA and RNA can be separated on the basis of size by running the DNA through an agarose gel. Spectrophotometry is a technique that allows scientists to identify substances without ever having to actually touch them. A substance can be in a sealed glass container and still be identified as long as light is able to shine through it. This is particularly useful for substances that may be dangerous or highly toxic. Cell culture Is the complex process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from multi-cellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells.

Aseptic technique Is a set of specific practices and procedures performed under carefully controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens. BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES a subsidiary subject of B.Sc. Zoology main degree course, deals with various techniques employed in biological science. The main objective of the subject is to make the students of Zoology experts in biological specimen preparation, museology, taxidermy etc. and to make them aware of the emerging trends in biological sciences.