Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Hydrogen 2ac
AT:TOPICALITY AT:ELECTIONS
SUBSTANTIALLY 2 INDIA DEAL 43-45
INCREASE 3 IRAN 46
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY 4 GAG RULE 47-48
ASPEC 5 LINKS 49
OSPEC 6 AT:KRITIK
AT:INHERENCY ENVIR MANAGEMENT 50-52
HYDRO CARS NOW 7-8 THEORY
AT:HARMS CONDITIONALITY BAD 53
G WARMING D/N EXIST 9 CONDITIONALITY GOOD 54
G W NATURALLY CAUSED 10 DISPOSITIONALITY GOOD 55
NOT AT PEAK OIL 11 DISPOSITIONALITY BAD 56
HEG/SOFT POWER 12 PICs BAD 57
AT:SOLVENCY PICs GOOD 58
HYDROGEN SAFE 13-14 FLOATING PICs GOOD 59
STORAGE 15 FLOATING PICs BAD 60
LEAKS 16 POLICY FRAMEWORK GOOD 61
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY 17-18 POLICY FRAMEWORK BAD 62
TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY 19-20 INSTRINSIC GOOD 63
FOSSIL FUEL USE 21-22 INSTRINSIC BAD 64
AT:FEDERAL BEST OOPS OUT OF ORDER
FEDERALISM 23-24 AT: MINE US OIL 65
FED TAX INCENTIVES BEST 25-27 AT: PLAN NOT MODELED 66-69
TAX CREDIT CAP 28
TAX CREDITS WON’T WORK 29-30
STATES COUNTERPLAN 31-32
AT:OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
RENEW W/N WK FOR HYDRO 33
ETHANOL 34
METHANOL 35
NATURAL GAS 36
CLEAN COAL 37
NUCLEAR POWER 38
SOLAR POWER 39
WIND POWER 40
HYDROELECTRIC 41-42
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TOPICALITY
AT: T Substantial
1. We meet- We meet the interpretation because we not only increase 30%, we increase
incentives 100% because incentives haven’t been implemented before.
2. Reasons to prefer-
A. Dictionary definitions best
Our definition is from a dictionary which is a reliable source because a team of educated
people choose the definition. Also everyone has access to a dictionary, not everyone has
access to lexisnexis or Blacks Law Dictionary. Our def creates a fair playing field for
everyone.
B. Bright line
our definition gives a clear bright line between what is topical and what isn’t because if
you don’t increase a considerable amount than you aren’t topical.
3. Voters
A. Clash- Since we are able to debate this plan it is topical, therefore you
should not grant your ballot to the neg based on a topicality argument.
B. Lit checks abuse- we wouldn’t have so much information about this plan if
it wasn’t topical.
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AT: T increase
1. We meet: we increase hydrogen incentives by 100%. They don’t exist prior to plan
and we implement the program thus a 100% increase
2. Counter def. : Increase means to make greater or larger
<<American Heritage Dictionary ‘04>>
3. We meet counter-def. : We implement the incentives where there currently are none.
4. We don’t violate: our plan requires new legislation to be passed
5. Counter standards:
A) Predictability: common sense tells us that increase means greater or larger
B) Limits: the neg over limits the cases the aff can run by not allowing us to
extend current policy. We limit fairly so the aff must make greater the incentive to claim
solvency.
C) Ground: both sides have fair ground. Neg can still run arguments based on
more hydrogen and more hydrogen incentives
6. No Voters:
A) Lit check, Clash check
: the neg. has literature on our case, so therefore we were predictable
B)Don’t vote on potential abuse, it’s like voting on the DA they never ran.
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AT: ASPEC
Topicality: ASPEC
1. We use normal means which includes all three branches. Legislative passes, Executive
signs, Courts enforce.
2. We give Neg more ground: By using all three branches we allow them to create DA’s
for each branch of government.
3. No in round abuse: We haven’t spiked out of any of their links in fact we give them
more link ground
4. Breadth of Education: We allow the both teams to learn more about all three of the
governmental branches, which is key so that we will be able to make informed decisions
later in life.
5. Real World: all three branches of government are involved in implementing and
enforcing all policies.
6. ASPEC is a No Voter
A. Education: Learning about all three branches of government is more
educational than debating about ASPEC. Vote to preserve in round education.
B. Fairness: Specifying all three branches allows for complete fairness of the
round, they can run links to anything they want..
C. Potential Abuse: Make the Neg team prove real abuse before this is a voting
issue.
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AT: OSPEC
1. We meet: Plan doesn’t specify Congress. It says USFG meaning OSPEC doesn’t link
2. We don’t over specify. We utilize the federal govenment
3. Counter standards:
A) Ground: Our plan gives the neg. access to links for DAs and Ks specific to
either congress or the entire USFG
B) Real world: In the real world Congress passes legislation into law like our plan
does.
4. Not a voting issue
A) It is fair for both sides – no use voting on it
B) : We should look to the case first instead of OSPEC, because that’s key to real
world education.
C) Lit check, Clash check: the neg has literature on our case so therefore we are
predictable
D) No vote on potential abuse: we haven’t used Congress to spike out of
anything.
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INHERENCY
AT: We have Hydrogen Cars Now – No Need for Plan
1) The plan will increase incentives for all types of hydrogen use, commercial and
individual. Currently, there are only a limited number of hydrogen cars on the road, and
none were offered incentives.
2) There are not enough hydrogen refueling stations currently for any hydrogen to be
feasible. The incentives the hydrogen technology companies will get will help spur R&D.
By Matt Nauman Mercury News, June 14, 2008 P. LN
But electrical glitches prevented the Tiguan from running at the opening of the new
Capitol Volkswagen in San Jose on Wednesday evening, and at a news media event in
San Francisco on Thursday. (VW execs said those problems were unrelated to the
hydrogen technology but show that the cars are still a work in progress.) A more serious
challenge facing VW and other car manufacturers is the lack of hydrogen stations.
Indeed, company executives said VW could be as much as a decade away from putting a
hydrogen car into production because of infrastructure deficiencies. "The issue that you
come up against," said Mark Barnes, chief operating officer of Volkswagen of America,
"is we can produce it, but where are consumers going to refuel?"
3) The incentives that the plan provides are crucial to hydrogen’s stability in the markets.
As of now any cars that have been bought had no incentives on them, causing less people
to purchase a vehicle.
4) The hydrogen cars of today do not provide clean hydrogen power just from driving.
Scientists envision that when the hydrogen economy comes into place, the cars will
become “Home power plants” that customers can use to power homes or feed back into
the grid. James Provenzano explains:
[Insert Provenzano 07 p. 176]
5) The research that hydrogen development companies will do will spur new innovation
in the near future. Extend Provenzano 2007 from Inherency. Money for the new research
will come from the tax cuts for using hydrogen, which will cause the market to switch
from oil consumption to hydrogen.
6) More people will buy a hydrogen car because of the incentives. It will also drive the
price of the car and fuel down. These incentives and the drop in both fuel cost and vehicle
cost will revitalize the economy.
Joan M. Ogden, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, January 11th, 2000,
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V3F-3Y9MSCX-
3&_user=1111158&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000516
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76&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=845b1be7c1e97ae9e60ee5ced7
761942)
7) The fuel economy of a hydrogen car now is projected to be three times better than gas,
but we’re still not seeing the full benefits. The plan still needs to be enacted because
without the incentives, we will never see them.
On the basis of on-road energy consumption, fuel economy (FE) of hydrogen fuel cell
light-duty vehicles is projected to be 2.5–2.7 times the fuel economy of the conventional
gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) on the same platforms. Even with a
less efficient but higher power density 0.6 V per cell than the base case 0.7 V per cell at
the rated power point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are projected to offer essentially the
same fuel economy multiplier. The key to obtaining high fuel economy as measured on
standardized urban and highway drive schedules lies in maintaining high efficiency of the
fuel cell (FC) system at low loads. To achieve this, besides a high performance fuel cell
stack, low parasitic losses in the air management system (i.e., turndown and part load
efficiencies of the compressor–expander module) are critical.
8) We need hydrogen cars to solve for oil collapse. The hydrogen cars would reduce CO2
emissions, solve the oil peak issue, and free the world from oil dependence. Extend all
three Provenzano card from our first advantage.
9) We need hydrogen cars to solve for terrorism. The hydrogen cars would increase
energy security, and provide a replacement for the foreign oil from countries governed by
terrorists. Extend Sandlow 2008 and Market News Publishing 2008.
10) We need hydrogen cars to solve for energy security. The hydrogen cars would
decrease the risk of a third world war over resources. Extend Kurlantzick 2008
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11) The hydrogen cars would solve for Global Warming. The hydrogen cars would halt
the emission of 30 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere, stop the oceanic rising due to
global warming, and create a inexhaustible energy source for every person on the earth.
Extend both Provenzano 2007 and Rifkin 2002.
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HARMS
A2 GW doesn’t exist
1) Cross Apply the A card from the 1AC. Fossil fuels are contributing to the CO2 in the
atmosphere, which causes the greenhouse effect. Scientists accept the greenhouse theory
and most have accepted the theory of accelerated greenhouse effect, Global Warming.
2) Also cross apply the B card, which shows the impacts of ignoring Global Warming
and not taking action against it, as the Neg suggests.
3) 100% of Scientific peer reviewed journals agree Warming is real and human induced
<<insert Hendricks and Inslee 07 page 4 of Global Warming Core>>
4) We have a more credible argument than the Neg’s since Scientists around the world
can determine that warming exists, and the neg’s argument is supported by a few
skeptics.
5) Global Warming Exists: the Last 20 years have been the hottest in history
<<insert Provenzano 07 page 47 Hydrogen Aff>>
6) We must pass plan to prevent any risk of Global Warming happening because the
impact of extinction is the worst in the round.
7) SO2 is bad
1)SO2 , which is also emitted when carbon is emitted, contributes to smog and
acid rain, which is damaging to the environment. Therefore enacting plan is still key to
the environmental impacts.
Sub-point 2) The other Advantages to the affirmative outweigh the negative
agreements, even if you grant them that global warming doesn’t exist.
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1. Even if the United States has oil reserves to access, it would not prevent any of
our harms because the demand for oil is going to increase exponentially compared
to the supply of oil. Pull across my Provenzano The bottom line is that this
impact is inevitable without an alternative energy resource
2. Securing fossil fuel as our main energy source will lead to a resource war which
will kill half the world’s population and bring about global depression. Pull across
my Lloyd’s List 2007 card
3. Global Warming will kill half of the human population. Pull across my Rifkin
2002 card
4. Promoting hydrogen technology is the ONLY long term fix. Pull across across my
Schwartz and Randall 2003 card. Even if you buy the negative team’s argument
that the United States has oil reserves significant to mine in, the bottom line is that
their fix is only delaying the inevitable.
5. We are already seeing the beginning effects of these impacts. The Iraq War and
continual depletion of the world’s ecosystems prove this. We are very close to
reaching the brink of global devastation and continual mining will only push us
even faster. An alternative is the only way to save our planet.
6. Alternative oils will only worsen all existing problems associated with oil
consumption.
<< insert Rifkin 2002 card from page 58 of aff file>>
7. : Data about oil reserves is wrong- far less oil likely to exist
<< insert Rifkin 2002 card from page 56 of aff file>>
9. Finally US oil supplies would cause significant change in energy crisis
“Talk Radio News Service, DC” June 25th 2008
Deputy Assistant Energy Secretary for Petroleum Reserves David Johnson said
in his testimony that the price of home heating oil can be lowered by increasing
domestic production of oil by drilling on continental shelves and in the Arctic
National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR.) Kerry told Johnson that oil from the ANWR
would only lower American gas prices two cents per gallon at full production
and that the United States only has three percent of global oil reserves. Kerry
continued, saying the United States’ oil supply is not large enough to lower
international prices and that the rhetoric employed by Johnson and others has
“worn short.”
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A2 Heg/Soft Power
HEG
1. They say the U.S. is the only hegemon, this is bad because it’s exactly what got us
into Iraq. We thought we were the big bad U.S. that could do what we wanted. If
they attacked us for no reason, think of what they’ll do once we tick them off.
2. They say Anti-Americanism will die down, but as long as we keep starting wars
people are going to hate us.
3. People already hate war enough let alone a war for no reason.
4. Their Zakaria 08 card is power tagged, there are absolutely no warrants supporting
the argument.
Soft Power
4. To answer their Nye 04 evidence:
5. On the Nye 08 card. Soft power doesn’t solve. People aren’t going to look at us and
hurry up to copy our policies. If that were true, more people would be in Iraq.
6. As for their Shank and Kabalan 07 card, soft just puts off problems while
hard power confronts them.
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SOLVENCY
2. Now is the key time to implement the hydrogen economy because it says
hydrogen “offers the only realistic energy pathway” to “a decarbonized, zero-
pollution system”. Extend our solvency evidence off the Oil Collapse advantage
we read in the 1AC
3. Hydrogen is safe, non carbon and inexhaustible resource for fuel
<<insert Provenzano card from page 228 of Aff file>>
10. Hydrogen fuel cells are incredibly safe – significantly more so than gasoline cars
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13. AND hydrogen solves. Hydrogen technology is available now, inexpensive, and
ready to solve for our advantages.
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153, Hydrogen Fueling stations are within reach and cost of….., Blencoe 2008
c. In all reality, waiting while oil prices continue to climb is a bad idea, especially
when the rest of the world is speeding ahead of us in new technology.
d. We need to advance now, and this evidence just shows that the cheese at the end
of the maze is even easier to get.
c. Factories are near or in cities and other population centers, which is where they
get their workforce comes from.
d. If we already have the initial structure around cities, it wouldn’t take long to
have the majority of the United States would be running on hydrogen.
Card page:
139, Public and private sector investments key to rapid and profitable…., Lovins
2005
5: Hydrogen doesn’t require an Apollo style $300 billion crash program. (A crash
program basically means oodles and boodles of money slammed into a program with the
aim of achieving it in superhuman time).
This evidence shows that even with current, lesser tax breaks hydrogen still does not
require huge expensive, unattainable crash program to convert the US to hydrogen.
168, Hydrogen does not require $100-$300 billion federal…. Lovins, 2005
• Note, this last answer will prompt the neg to ask ‘Well, then why do we need your
plan to turn us into a hydrogen country? Judge, their plan is unnecessary…’ All
you have to say to that is that obviously current breaks aren’t enough, since we
kind of have a resolution dealing with how to get us off fossil fuels, and that the
plan sweetens the deal, so that we will have hydrogen power, and that we won’t
have terrorism, and that everyone will get a free unicorn…..
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1- This argument is the status quo. We need to enact plan in order to make technology
more feasible.
2- We are going through the revolution that will make hydrogen feasible.
Once, technology for oil didn't exist, but then it was developed and is now what we rely
on.
Amory B. Lovins,co-founder and chief executive officer of Rocky Mountain Institute,
May 9 2008 p. ln
A "car-efficiency revolution" that could move the world beyond oil is in the making, as
automakers start shifting to lighter-weight materials, sleeker aerodynamics, hybrid-electric
propulsion, and non- petroleum fuels. Transportation drives global oil trade and is a key
environmental challenge, especially in cities. Most cities are designed around cars, not
people'changing cars "from a convenient accessory of life into its central organizing
principle," according to environmental author Alan Thein Durning. It need not be so.
Moreover, new car technologies already exist, and others are under development, with
potential to transform the paradigms of global development and energy security. These
technologies, if pursued, will be good for business throughout the world, provide safe and
affordable mobility, be environmentally friendly, and create competitive advantage. They are
not the stuff of science fiction, but realities we can expect to see emerge even within this
decade.
3- People will begin to focus more on hydrogen. There are no current incentives for it,
but once plan is established, companies will focus on hydrogen. Extend Provenzano 2007
from solvency.
4- Companies want to use hydrogen, so the technology will be developed for them
[Insert RMI 2008 from pg. 113]
5-Extend Market News Publishing 2008 from Terrorism. Hydrogen is can replace gas
despite claims because it is clean and affordable. Even if they win people are skeptical,
our author assumes this and says that it's still the best option.
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6- Plan solves. The only reason why adequate technology doesn't exist is because of
profits found with oil. By replacing oil, demand will decrease, meaning its price will,
leading to more technology. Extend Provenzano 2007 from inherency.
7- Early incentives would've prevented this problem. We must start now to prevent
further challenges.
8- You can evaluate the plan in three stages:
A. Time Frame- Solvency begins as soon as plan is established. Once there is a
reason for people to use hydrogen, they will. Cross-apply my third argument.
B. Magnitude- Nuclear terrorism, extinction, global depression, the economy,
agriculture and violent floods out weigh any impact that can the neg can possibly scoop
out of this argument.
C. Probability- Our entire 1AC explains how we are going to solve. Cross-apply
my first argument, plan will solve their impacts by creating a reason for companies to
develop technology for hydrogen.
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A2 Fossil Fuels
Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal
can provide clean and sustainable electricity for our nation. However, renewable energy
sources are naturally variable, requiring energy storage or a hybrid system to
accommodate daily and seasonal changes. One solution is to produce hydrogen through
the electrolysis—splitting with an electric current—of water and to use that hydrogen in a
fuel cell to produce electricity during times of low power production or peak demand, or
to use the hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles.
Hydrogen is considered a clean fuel that has a minimum impact on the environment
nearly eliminating the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. It is
safe to manufacture, reliable and environmentally friendly. Hydrogen is the new talk of
today’s much environmentally concerned scientific world as a prospective fuel. , by far
the most abundant element in the universe and one of the most abundant on earth can be
found in many different materials including water, natural gas and biomass. In its
molecular form hydrogen can be used directly as a fuel to drive a vehicle, to heat water or
indirectly to produce electricity for industrial, transport and domestic use. The huge
advantage that hydrogen has over other fuels is that as a fuel it is non-polluting, when
you combust hydrogen the only product is water. It has been the fuel used to provide
electricity for the space shuttle for the last two decades via on-board fuel cells that
combine hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity; the exhaust from the fuel cell –
pure water – is used by the crew as drinking water. Hydrogen has enormous potential to
decrease India’s dependence on foreign oil imports and, if produced using renewable
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energy, to eliminate pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particulates and
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Romm also states that fuel cells running on hydrogen from natural gas have higher
greenhouse gases than the Toyota Prius. This is simply not true. Studies from MIT,
Argonne, UC Davis, and others show a 10-40 percent reduction. Moreover, it is relatively
easy to remove carbon from natural gas (and coal) when they are converted into hydrogen
—something not possible with gasoline-powered hybrids. And by investing heavily in
renewable power for electricity production today, we can lay the foundation for a
renewable hydrogen future with near-zero greenhouse gases.
FED BEST
A2: Federalism
1. Non-Unique: The Supreme Court is limiting state power, even under federalist
justices.
2. Non-Unique: Despite high action and activity, states are still in need of more
power.
<<insert Dinan ’08 evidence from page 66 of the States/Fism Core>>
3. Non-Unique: The Supreme Court ruled against the state in many key cases
<<insert Dinan ’08 evidence from page 66 of the States/Fish Core>>
There's not a lot of nuance to my position. If we are concerned with the profitability of
the largest carriers in the country -- federal regulation is a great idea. If we're concerned
about solvency, consumer protections, it's not something we should consider seriously.
The last thing we want is a dual regulatory system where the courts become the "de
facto" regulators. That's exactly what we would have and that's exactly what we don't
want.
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James Provenzano, President of Clean Air Now and Geoffery Holland, The
hydrogen age: empowering a clean-energy future, 2007 (p. 320)
James Provenzano, President of Clean Air Now and Geoffery Holland, The
hydrogen age: empowering a clean-energy future, 2007 (p. 320)
Using Scandinavia as an analogy to the United States, this shows what can happen
when a group of smaller regions (Scandinavia to the States) join together and
achieve goals that would not be possible if the regions worked independently.
This empirical evidence shows that the only way for the United States to achieve
a hydrogen economy is if the federal government offers incentives at the national
level, thus uniting the states of America.
Scott Miller, chief executive officer of Synovate Motoresearch (which does market
research for automakers and others), The Associated Press, April 16, 2008, LN
Miller said consumers rate manufacturers lower now than they did in 2002 on
how well they're doing at improving fuel economy, despite a rash of new
hybrids and diesels on the market and test fleets of electric and hydrogen fuel-
cell vehicles. Consumers also believe state and federal governments aren't doing
enough. Miller said consumers' frustration is growing as gas prices rise, and
automakers need to cut through the clutter that consumers are hearing about various
technologies. He added that consumers need a lot of education, since most don't
even realize that their vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine.
If the federal government does not offer hydrogen incentives at a national level, and
states continue to not improve the fuel economy, the public’s confidence will
continue to decrease. This will lead to civil unrest and the public’s confidence in the
economy to decrease.
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1. $2000 cap will be lifted (Reference Hydrogen Aff, pg 129, The Kiplinger Letter 08)
2. We are offering incentives not funding. These tax credits are incentive for people to
build stations and devices. Pull across the New York Times ‘08 card from our 1AC,
which was the first card on Inherency that explains why we don’t currently have
incentives.
4. They don’t have any projections of how much a hydrogen station will cost. (Reference
Provenzano ’07 card under Inherency pg 117 on Hydrogen Aff)
5. It is still a good investment. Oil will eventually run out, and we will need to find
another main energy source. Since hydrogen is the best choice, we are using these
incentives to ensure that Hydrogen will be chosen.
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1. Tax Credits Provide Incentives for Oil Companies for Hydrogen Development
Tax Credits are used by people and businesses all the time because no one wants
to pay more money than they have to. Hydrogen tax credits will be used do to
because of incentive and AFF solvency.
6. If the cost is the greatest barrier to Hydrogen’s use, the tax credit for use and
purchase will work.
The AFF’s tax credit eliminates the cost barrier and it makes it more accessible to
more Americans.
7. There is empirical evidence that energy tax credits result in an increase in use.
A tax incentive program that already suffered from a lack of public profile is
getting even harder to access. Since the program is designed to put more fuel-
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efficient hybrid vehicles on the road during a period of record oil prices and
rising concerns about greenhouse-gas emissions, it's worth questioning why. If
Congress ever gets serious about developing a new national energy policy, the
hybrid tax-credit program deserves a long, hard look. The concept was simple:
Hybrid vehicles use new technology and are more expensive than comparable
gas-powered ones. In order to encourage buyers to consider paying more for an
efficient vehicle, the government offered a tax credit to help speed up the time
it would take for lower fuel costs to make up the price difference. Here's where
it gets complicated. In order to focus funds on emerging technology, the tax
credit is only available for product lines that have sold fewer than 60,000
vehicles. As a result there is no longer a credit for the Toyota Prius, the most
popular hybrid model, but there is for the less popular Nissan Altima. At this
point, the program appears to be designed to help the companies that are
lagging in the marketplace, at the expense of the ones that have earned a better
reputation.
According to the 2005 federal law that established the hybrid credit, the tax
break begins to phase out after a manufacturer sells 60,000 qualifying vehicles.
Mainly because of heavy demand for the Prius, Toyota reached that benchmark
early in the program, and tax breaks for its Toyota and Lexus brand hybrids
were gone by last October.
9. Cards do not assume a cost reduction from mass production. Hydrogen will go
down in cost. Thus, increasing the effects of the incentives.
A2: STATES CP
1. PERM: Do both
2. The Counterplan and the Plan are not competitive—The States have benefits for
doing the plan on a state-level, and the Federal Government has the wide-scale
implementation ability necessary for the plan to be efficient on a national scale. The perm
captures all the net benefits because acting together with the states is key:
3. Concurrent action by Federal AND State governments is Key.
National Governors Association, NGA, ‘Comprehensive National Energy and
Electricity Policy’, July 24, 2007,
http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.8358ec82f5b198d18a278110501010a0/?vg
nextoid
Within our federal system, the states have responsibilities over areas such as land use
planning, environmental protection, public health and safety, and the conservation and
management of natural resources. Successful development of national energy policies
requires the active participation of state and local governments. This includes utilizing
joint task forces and allowing for early state review and comment. Additionally, the
administration of federal programs must be flexible to allow for regional differences and
diversity among states.
4. Representation of States’ needs is not enough to ensure a successful policy. In fact,
the opposite is very often true.
A. States often give in to what the general public feels (which is how they decide what
these “needs” are). This is incorrectly interpreted as what the states need.
B. These views, though representing what the people want, are generally not the best
policy for the state—just because something is popular and accepted doesn’t mean it’s
good, or even works, for that matter.
C. Thus, state policies become skewed and are not responsive to what the states actually
need.
D. The federal government is much more wide-scale and is almost never subjective to the
general consensus. Therefore, the national government, which isn’t influenced by these
undercurrents, implements plans that work, are efficient, and are best as a national policy.
5. State competition leads to economical instability within states—empirically
proven.
A. If every state has a different policy, it is natural for corporate America to gravitate
towards the best policies—often leaving certain states to migrate towards these policies.
B. This causes MASS unemployment and ultimately causes state economies to crash.
This is happening in Michigan—It has one of the worst economies in the country because
of being filtered out as “uncompetitive” by such a competitive country.
C. This completely exacerbates the rich-poor gap and further asserts the idea of “the rich
getting richer” and the “poor getting poorer”.
6. The Rich-Poor Gap causes unrest and fuels War.
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2. They say hydrogen waste’s 4x more energy, but the hydrogen that is wasted can
be stored
3. We will use water which is renewable, plus cross apply the c-net news.com 08
card which says we’ll be using alternative energies to produce the hydrogen
4. The authors for the Wise & Hutchinson card aren’t credible sources, they don’t
write for anything but popular mechanics which doesn’t look like anything but a
random magazine
5. Plus the card doesn’t have a website of page number so they could have made it
up
7. The Provenzano 07 card says that the infrastructure doesn’t have to be built all at
once, this indicates two things
B. Slow growth of infrastructure is better because it’s more organized and likely
to succeed
ELECTIONS
A/T India Nuclear Deal DA
1. . Uniqueness
A. Non-unique: McCain will support anything Bush was about to do, he will
continue with Bush’s policy, so the bill won’t die when Bush leaves office.
B. Non-unique: Obama will support this nuclear agreement with India, so the bill
won’t die when Bush leaves office.
Barack Obama has been drawn centre stage in the battle over India's nuclear
agreement with the US, lending crucial support as the fragile ruling coalition
faces fierce Muslim opposition to the pact ahead of a confidence vote in
parliament.
Richard Boucher, Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asia Foreign Press Center
Briefing Washington, April 25, 2008, (LN)
2. China won’t pick a fight with the United States, they depend on us.
China's exports to the United States provide nearly a third of the foreign currency
Beijing needs to modernize its country. Losing that cash flow, or a portion of it, would
be devastating to the Chinese. China depends on U.S. cooperation, also, in its mission
to be embraced as a modern power on the global stage and within global institutions,
ranging from the United Nations to the World Bank. And despite its own growing
influence worldwide, China has little interest in picking a fight with the world's last
remaining military superpower.
Hu Jintao, President of the People’s Republic, States News Service, July 9, 2008, (LN)
PRESIDENT HU: (As translated.) Just now, President Bush and I had a sincere and
friendly meeting, and we had an in-depth exchange of views on China -U.S. relations
and issues of mutual interest. We both believe that new progress has been made in
China-U.S. relationship in recent years. Our two countries not only have close
interactions between high -level leaders, but also between people at various other
levels. Not long ago, China and United States successfully held the fourth strategic
economic dialogue, which produced positive results. In addition, our two countries
have also had fruitful cooperation in
economic trade, counterterrorism, energy, the environmental protection, and other
areas. We also have had close communication and coordination on such major regional
and international issues as the Korean nuclear issue and the Iranian nuclear issue.
5. Impact Turn: Relations ensures Asian stability and prevent nuclear war and
extinction.
e. Deal would provide growth to us and Indian Economies and Indian Economic
growth key to Asian stability
<<Insert “India Abroad ‘06” from p. 76 of India Bad File>>
10. by breaking our dependence on foreign oil will eliminate the risk of future wars
with resource rich Iran .
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1. Non-Unique: Nadar will impact the election as he did in the 2000 election when he
took votes away form Gore. Obama will lose the election because he loses the necessary
votes he needs to overcome McCain.
The real question is whether George W. Bush is merely lucky, in the right place at the
right time, or whether he has transcended to some new level in the public's mind, with
powerful long term political significance? Put another way, has the Bush popularity
remained high simply because the American people historically rally around a leader in
times of war, or is the popularity tied to Bush 's handling of the war, specifically to his
Texas-style penchant for wanting to "kick ass" against a feared opponent? Perhaps the
real issue here comes down to the question of what makes an individual "presidential" in
the national psyche? Has Bush achieved a destined level of presidential appropriateness
in the public's mind, or would any President's poll ratings remain high under similar
circumstances of long-term terrorist danger?
8. Impact Analysis: The Neg. claims that when Obama will lose the election so the gag
rule will be repealed which leads to overpopulation, aids, and US soft power decline. Our
impacts magnitude is greater then the Neg. impacts.
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a. Pull through our Rifkin ‘02 card that claims our collapse of civilization will
result from being dependant on oil. When oil runs out all societies that are
dependent on oil will collapse.
b. Pull through our BBC World Wide ’08 card which claims that nuclear
terrorism impacts. This card says that the new age of weapons will fall into
Terrorists hands and they will destroy their enemies.
c. Pull through our Loyd’s List ’07 card that has our world war and global
depression impacts which says if we are still dependent on fossil fuels when
we reach the end of the supply everyone will fight to gain those resources.
d. Pull through our Rifkin ’02 card that claims our global flood impact will result
from increasing carbon emissions. These emissions increase global warming
and melt ice caps. This extra water floods low areas killing millions of people.
e. Our impacts are greater in magnitude than the Neg. because our impacts lead
to massive deaths all over the globe where as the Neg. only have
overpopulation, aids, and US soft power decline. The Neg. impacts won’t
even matter if the people on the globe aren’t alive to experience them. Our
time frame is also better than the Neg. Oil is predicted to run out in 30-50
years and when that time hits our impacts will immediately happen. The Neg.
impacts could take centuries to happen. Overpopulation, this impact takes
centuries to have enough offspring to affect the globe. Aids, this impact takes
centuries of repopulating for everyone to get Aids and die. If won’t matter if
the people that are effected by these impacts are effected if they are all killed
by our impacts. You as a judge must vote for the Aff. Because we prevent
billions of people from dying this clearly outweighs the Neg. impacts.
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Elections Link
The Israel Import and International Cooperation Institute, October 15, 2005
http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Articles/Article.asp?ArticleID=2632&CategoryID=640
If there were any doubt about the auto industry's fascination with hydrogen, one need
look no further than the Tokyo Motor Show.
Hydrogen-powered concept vehicles have a starring role as automakers try to divine their
future. Six automakers rolled out new versions, signaling the industry's seriousness about
the zero-emission alternative to gasoline.
To believers such as Larry Burns, General Motors' vice president of research and
development, the frenzy is validation — maybe even vindication — that hydrogen is
quickly gaining acceptance as the eventual replacement for gasoline. "I think we're
beginning to reach a tipping point," he said, standing next to the Sequel hydrogen concept
vehicle introduced in January in Detroit. "Our industry is very serious."
Some automakers are in a hurry. Mazda announced that it will begin production of a
hydrogen version of its sporty RX-8 within three years, starting in Japan. Instead of more
complicated fuel-cell stacks that produce energy through a chemical reaction, Mazda's
solution is to burn hydrogen in the car's rotary engine. Hydrogen combustion results in
some emissions but far fewer than from a gasoline-only engine.
The RX-8 Hydrogen RE is also being called a hybrid because if it runs out of its store of
hydrogen, it can switch to a separate gasoline tank.
Japan has about 15 hydrogen fueling stations, 10 around Tokyo. By the time the car goes
on sale, most likely to government and corporate fleets at first, the number of fueling
stations is likely to be about 30, says Mazda engineer Akihiro Kashiwagi.
Hydrogen's popularity at the show, which continues through Nov. 6, is recognition of the
potent selling power of environmentalism. But the molecule's attraction is also stoked by
soaring gasoline prices and fears related to global warming.
hydrogen Technology is Massively Unpopular
Nature News, The Energy Bulletin, Oct 6 2004, (Mark Peplow),
http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041004/full/news041004-13.html
The duo considered the United Kingdom and the United States. Transport accounts for
about one third of each country's energy consumption.
UK transport uses only a tenth as much energy as the United States, but there is less land
available: the hydrogen switch would require 100,000 wind turbines, enough to occupy
an area greater than Wales.
It unlikely that enough turbines could ever be built, says Jim Oswald. On the other hand,
public opposition to nuclear energy deters many politicians. "I suspect we will do
nothing, because all the options are so unpopular."
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"I don't think we'll ever have a true hydrogen economy. The outlook is extremely bleak,"
he adds. The brothers outline their calculation in the current issue of Accountancy
magazine.
"Hydrogen is not a near-term prospect," agrees Paul Ekins, an energy economist at the
Policy Studies Institute, London. "There will have to be a few fundamental breakthroughs
in technology first," he says.
Politicians eager to promote their green credentials, yet unaware of the realities, have
oversold the hydrogen dream, says Ekins. "I'm amazed by the number of politicians who
think you can dig hydrogen out of the ground," he says.
However, he thinks that the Oswalds are too pessimistic about the possibilities of new
technology. "An enormous amount of attention is being paid to generating hydrogen
cleanly," he says.
If we could trap the carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels underground, we could
convert them to hydrogen, says Ekins. "It's not tried and tested, but it's a possibility." And
it could become a reality by the time we have enough hydrogen-powered cars to make it
necessary, he says.
So do the Oswalds have a more immediate answer to the hydrogen problem? "We could
always use less energy, but that doesn't seem very likely," Jim Oswald says ruefully
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Kritik
Basically, change won’t happen currently, because the way we treat our politicians is
bombard them with a bunch of imposable needs, which they can weasel out of easily. We
need to ask them strategic and well selected demands, so that they can’t get out of them
without bringing change.
Card page
61, Zizek, 2007, prefer the affirmative strategy…..
2. The general public would not agree with the alternative, only small majority would
accept
More of an analytic; basically anyone in power and controls the current status quo
wouldn’t give up power, and the change would have to be a revolution held by the true
believers, resulting obviously costly war and bloodshed, destroying the peace.
Basically, the human rights groups go after governments that restrict human rights. A
person who has been denied rights should receive repartition. A basic and fundamental
right to all humans is the availability of energy.
Card page
46, Tully, 2006, the human rights paradigm…
4. Corporate ethics are key to perpetual peace and co-operation - solves every impact.
Basically, the idea of peace can only come when businesses are part of the solution.
Peace means more than just a planet without armed conflict, but the commanding ideas of
the world are cooperation and nonviolence.
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Card page
47, Mayer, 2007, the business community…
5. Evaluation of consequences is the utmost ethical act – their ethic allows infinite
violence
A. Their alternative completely relies on theory, but the fact of life is, that
the world is not just an extension of one’s will.
B. The negative’s Kritik counts on the fact that Zizek’s theories will be
completely accepted and applied completely, with no deviations. To do
this would eliminate free will, going against the aim of the Kritk’s goal.
C. The Kritik claims that free speech is mandatory, and goes against
hierarchy, but if everyone is forced to give up their possessions, anyone
who spoke up against the new system would upset it’s unrealistic
balance.
D. Everyone would have to be essentially programmed to operate in a
reality such as the alternative, which would take away free will, and
thus free speech.
Bio power, which one of the kritik’s targets, does not lead to genocide and war, such as
the Kritik says. Instead, it usually withdraws before killing is demanded.
Card:
55, Ojeakangas 2005, bio power does on lead to genocide and killing…
7. Capitalism decreases poverty – we’ll be the only one with uniqueness because
poverty is rapidly decreasing is the world of globalization
• NOTE Now, if the neg team asks ‘if capitalism solves poverty, them why is it a
problem?’ This will be your answer: The United States is not a pure capitalist
society, and thus poverty is still a problem. But its closer to pure capitalism, and
thus solving poverty, then the neg alternative.
Card page:
52, Norberg, 2003
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Card page:
60, Zizek, 2007
The Kritik relies on psychoanalysis, which is essentially the alibi of intellectuals for
passivity and helplessness. The Kritik avoids the problem, and linking it to answer 9,
dooms the human race.
Card:
58, Gordon, 2001, Psychoanalysis is bad (says that psychoanalysis is the alibi of hopeless
intellectuals)
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Conditionality Bad:
1. Time Skew: The neg could run ten conditional counter plans and then
kick all but the one with the least offense in the 2nr and the aff would
lose.
2. Unequal Ground: We as the affirmative can’t kick out of our plan text
and instead have to defend it, so the neg should as well.
3. Moving target: this allows the neg to shift their stance whenever they
want or even to run multiple counter plans and then kick one. Pinning
down the neg is key to fairness.
Conditionality Good
1. Real World: Congress has the ability to explore multiple options and
then revert to the status quo. They aren’t stuck with something if they
decide it’s a bad idea. We should have the same options.
3. Best policy option: if we discover that counter plan isn't a good idea or
doesn't compete, we should be able to kick it. Key to topic specific
education.
4. Education: finding the best policy option and rejecting those that aren’t
good increases in-round education. This makes debate more real world.
5. Not a Time Skew: All constructive speeches are eight minutes long. If
we weren’t running the counterplan, we’d just run something else that
you would have to answer.
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Dispositionality Good:
1. Forces Competition- if they don't want us to kick it, they can straight
turn it. Forces aff engagement on substance of the debate.
3. They'll argue that the counter plan is a time skew- but all we're trying
to do is find the best policy option. If its not worth debating any more,
then why waste our time?
5. Perm Checks – they have the right to perm, this checks back any abuse
that could result from the counter plan. If its not competitive, then they
shouldn't have to worry about it.
Dispositionality Bad:
2. Not reciprocal: the aff can’t kick out of the plan and has to
defend it, and so should the neg.
PICs Bad:
2. Bad Plan Writing- Aff will try to minimize the amount of things in their
plan that the Neg can PIC out of, which hurts Neg ground. PICs
encourage vague, short plans.
4. PICs nullify the 1ac- by including our plan in the CP, the PIC steals all
affirmative ground from the 1ac and claims effects of our 2ac.
Removing PICs is key to fairness
5. Ground- PICs are abusive and steal core aff ground: our plan text. The
neg should be voted down for using abusive techniques which ruin the
integrity of policy debate
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PICs Good
1. Morality: PICs let us move from callous nuclear war impacts and focus
on racial or abusive rhetoric in plan texts. Changing assumptions opens
debate up as well as creates space for an understanding we wouldn’t
otherwise have.
2. Theory is the real time suck: the aff should have answers to all neg
arguments. After all, they only have to be prepared for their case.
Don’t let them replace evidenced arguments with theory.
3. Drop the argument, not the team: if you buy that PICs could potentially
abuse the aff, there is still not internal link from potential abuse to
voting affirmative.
4. Depth vs. Breadth: PICs force the debate round to go in-depth about
one topic instead of learning a little bit about a bunch of different
topics. This is key to education.
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5. Clash: We can omit the link because we’re here for education. The aff should be
able to successfully argue why the USFG is key against any other actor or
alternative. If not, then their plan is not successful enough to win the round.
6. Education: Cross apply our clash argument – with clash, we are able to argue the
aff in-depth, making sure that everyone involved is educated and are able make a
fair and intelligent choice for the winner of the round.
7. Best policy option: The point of debate is to find the best policy option at the end
of the round. If our criticism manages to solve best, then we should still win.
8. Perm checks abuse: We still preserve their right to perm, this tests
competitiveness- if they win that the PIC and the aff are not competitive, then
they win the round.
9. Potential abuse: Potential for abuse is not a voting issue. Even if we set up for the
abuse, actually following through with these conditions is a completely different
scenario. Make them prove abuse!
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1. Potential abuse: Potential abuse is a voting issue. Allowing the neg to set up the
right conditions for abuse is unfair towards the aff because we have to prepare for
it and it’s a prep time suck if they don’t go through with it. Don’t allow the neg to
get away with it.
2. Best policy option: The point of debate is to find the best policy option at the end
of the round but the neg has no right to take apart our aff and only use certain
parts – it was built to be used as a whole and will only work as so.
2. Perm doesn’t check abuse: The perm may check competition but PICs are
abusive.
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1. Education: Policy allows for an in depth analysis of the topic and encourages a
real debate against the opposing team.
2. Policy framework – policy framework was made for policy debate. If you don’t
like the framework associated with policy debate, don’t debate policy.
3. Realism – Policy framework keeps things incredibly realistic. While morals and
ethics do count, it’s straight hard facts that gain sympathy and increases success of
a program or presented plan.
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1. Not Real World- we are not policy makers, we shouldn't have to be restricted
to their paradigm.
3. Best policy option- if we win that we solve better than the affirmative, then we
can still win that we're the best policy option
4. Predictability checks- yes, sometimes you have to debate a kritik. You should
prepare for it.
6. Drop the argument not the team- make them prove abuse, don't vote us down
because we want to win.
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Intrinsic Good
1. PICs – PICs promote the need for instrinsic perms because you must add
or subtract from your plan so that our plan remains competitive
2. Neg ground – Intrinsics increase neg ground because they can run disads
linking to the plan
4. Supports Plan – Perms plus a plan tests competition, meaning that the plan
is still true no matter what
5. No shift- perm is only a test, it doesn’t actually change our stance in the
round.
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Intrinsics bad
2. Kills education – perm takes away from focus on plan, which is the
main point of the debate round
3. Justifies neg abuse – allows for new or multiple CP’s in later speechs,
which is totally unfair
1. World oil production has reached Hubbert’s peak. Pull across my Provenzano 2007
This means that even if the United States has oil reserves to access, it would not
prevent any of our harms in fact, because the demand for oil is going to increase
exponentially compared to the supply of oil it is actually going to make our harms
occur more rapidly.
2. Collapse in oil will lead to a collapse in civilization. Pull across my Rifkin 2002 The
bottom line is that this impact is inevitable without an alternative energy resource
4. Securing fossil fuel as our main energy source will lead to a resource war which will
kill half the world’s population and bring about global depression. Pull across my
Loyd’s List 2007 card
3. Global Warming will kill half of the human population. Pull across my Rifkin 2002
4. Promoting hydrogen technology is the ONLY long term fix. This means that even if
you buy the negative team’s argument that the United States has oil reserves
significant to mine in, the bottom line is that their fix is only delaying the inevitable.
Pull across across my Schwartz and Randall 2003 card
5. We are already seeing the beginning effects of these impacts. The Iraq War and
continual depletion of the world’s ecosystems prove this. We are very close to
reaching the brink of global devastation and continual mining will only push us even
faster. An alternative is the only way to save our planet.
6. Alternative oils will only worsen all existing problems associated with oil
consumption.
<< insert Rifkin 2002 card from page 58 of aff file>>
7. : Data about oil reserves is wrong- far less oil likely to exist
<< insert Rifkin 2002 card from page 56 of aff file>>
16. Finally US oil supplies would cause significant change in energy crisis
“Talk Radio News Service, DC” June 25th 2008
Deputy Assistant Energy Secretary for Petroleum Reserves David Johnson said in his testimony that the
price of home heating oil can be lowered by increasing domestic production of oil by drilling on continental
shelves and in the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR.) Kerry told Johnson that oil from the ANWR
would only lower American gas prices two cents per gallon at full production and that the United States
only has three percent of global oil reserves. Kerry continued, saying the United States’ oil supply is not
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large enough to lower international prices and that the rhetoric employed by Johnson and others has “worn
short.
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AT: Plan won’t solve – not modeled worldwide – no signif decr in CO2 lvls
1. Though our plan is only in the U.S., other countries will follow because
the U.S. is incredibly influential globally and especially with developing
countries. Our influence in the global market will cause other countries
want to compete competivetly – with hydrogen being highly efficient
and dwindling oil supplies, it will be the only way other countries will
be able to compete.
The International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, IPHE, ‘About the
International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy’, September 28, 2006,
http://www.iphe.net/about.htm
The inaugural IPHE Ministerial meeting was held November 19-21, 2003 in
Washington DC, USA. A Terms of Reference was signed by the 16 IPHE partners
and the initial meetings of the two IPHE Committees (Steering Committee and
Implementation-Liaison Committee) were held. In the months since the
Ministerial meeting, the IPHE Steering Committee has established an active IPHE
Secretariat and met in China and France to address stakeholder involvement,
project development, policy coordination, technology collaboration, and market
development issues. The IPHE Implementation-Liaison Committee (ILC) recently
met in Iceland and developed the ?Reykjavik Action Plan? which focuses on
identifying the current hydrogen technology research, development and
demonstration activities of the IPHE partners and examining approaches for
focusing these activities with collaborative efforts. Moreover, the ILC has assisted
Brazil, China, India, and the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperative with hydrogen
road mapping activities and developed a series of international research and
development workshops, including a hydrogen storage workshop in Italy in 2005.
The IPHE will be successful when the following factors characterize the world?s
transportation sector: Hydrogen-powered vehicles are competitive with
conventional vehicles. The price and availability of hydrogen are competitive with
conventional fuels.
Hydrogen fuel is conveniently available to hydrogen vehicle drivers, based on
improved fueling and storage infrastructure. Hydrogen energy storage
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Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Industry, Industry Canada, ‘Global Market for
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology’, June 4, 2008, http://www.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/hfc-
hpc.nsf/en/mc00063e.html
In the EU, fuel cell and hydrogen R&D is driven by concerns about the environment,
energy security and industrial competitiveness. Automotive and transport applications are
the primary focus for EU fuel cell and hydrogen organizations. However, high electricity
prices are also driving research aimed at integrating stationary fuel cell applications with
renewable energy. Japan, with its substantial population, large industrial base and lack of
natural resources, is looking to hydrogen and fuel cells to reduce its dependence on the
expensive and environmentally damaging fossil-fuel energy systems it now uses. Energy
security and reliability, together with environmental protection and economic
development, are the primary drivers of Japanese interest in the new energy paradigm. In
developing countries, rapid economic growth is driving a phenomenal demand for
energy. China and India in particular will have a major influence on the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry as their expanding technical and manufacturing capacity exerts an ever-
increasing effect on global supply chains. These countries present tremendous market
potential, including the opportunity for new technologies to leapfrog conventional ones.
The near-term sharing of technologies and the development of new partnerships will
encourage successful commercialization in Canada and promote long-term market
penetration abroad. China urgently needs energy and natural resources to support its
growth. The drivers for China's fuel cell and hydrogen R&D are concerns about energy
supply, distribution and security, together with problems of air quality and the desire for
manufacturing leadership. India is the world's second-most populous country, with a huge
and rapidly growing middle class and a booming economy. Reforms and deregulation in
the 1990s have led to an improved investment climate and an increased competitive
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position for Indian industry. Drivers for the transition to the new energy paradigm are air
quality concerns, rural electrification, energy security and reliability, and energy demand.
b. <<insert Rifkin pg25 card from gwarming core file (THE TOP
CARD)>>
6. Cross apply our oil dependency argument. This dependacy also leads
to terrorism that degrades U.S. security and will cause nuclear
terrorism. This impact has a closer timeframe and is more probable.
The longer we use oil, the more profits fund Islamic extremists.
Hydrogen is the ONLY alternative to this depedance.