ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS PATTERN (w.e.f 2011-12) B.Sc.

, BIO-CHEMISTRY PROGRAMME STRUCTURE

Sem Part I II III III I III IV Subject code 111T 112E 1BBC1C1 --Course Name Tamil / Other Languages I English I Core I Bio-molecules Core II Laboratory course I Analytical Biochemistry Allied I (1) Non-Major Elective I (a)jkpo; nkhopapd; mbg;gilfs;/ (b) ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; / (c) Communicative English Total Tamil/other languages II English II Core II Laboratory course I Analytical Biochemistry Core III Analytical Biochemistry Allied II Allied Practical (3) Environmental Studies Total Tamil /other languages III English III Core IV Enzymology Core V Intermediatory Metabolism Core VI Laboratory course II Biochemistry Technique Allied III (1) Non-major Elective II (a),yf;fpaKk; nkhopg; gad;ghLk;/ (b) goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ,yf;fpatuyhWk;/ (c)Employability Skills (2) Skill Based Subjects I Extension activities Total I II 141T 142E Tamil /other languages IV English IV 3 3 5 3 2 Cr. Hrs./ Week 6 6 7 3* 7 1 Marks Int. Ext. 25 25 25 15 40 75 75 75 60 60 Total

100 100 100 75 100

1NME1A / 1NME1B / 1NME1C

I II III II III III III IV I II III III III III III IV

121T 122E 1BBC2P1 1BBC2C1

16 3 3 5 5 3 4 2 25 3 3 4 4 3 2

30 6 6 3 7 4 2 2 30 6 6 4 4 2* 5 1

-25 25 40 25 15 20 25 -25 25 25 25 -15 40

-75 75 60 75 60 30 75 -75 75 75 75 -60 60

475 100 100 100 100 75 50 100 625 100 100 100 100 --75 100

1BES2 131T 132E 1BBC3C1 1BBC3C2 ---

1NME3A / 1NME3B / 1NME3C

1SBS3A1/ 1SBS3A2 1BEA3

2 1 22 3 3

2 30 6 6

40 100 -25 25

60 --75 75

100 100 775 100 100

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III IV III III III III IV IV

1BBC4P1 1BBC4C1

1BBCE1A 1SBS4B1/ 1SBS4B2 1BVE4/ 1BMY4/ 1BWS4 1BBC5C1 1BBC5C2 ----------1BBCE2A 1SBS5A3/ 1SBS5A4/ 1SBS5A5 1BBC6P1

Core VI Laboratory course II Biochemistry Technique Core VII Human Physiology Allied IV Allied Practical Elective I Biotechnology (2) Skill Based Subjects II (4) Value Education / Manavalakalai Yoga / Womens Studies Total Core VIII Molecular Biology Core IX Clinical Biochemistry Core X Laboratory course III Basic Microbiology and Immunology Core XI Laboratory Course IV Basic Clinical Biochemistry Elective II Microbiology & Immunology (2) Skill Based Subjects I (2) Skill Based Subjects I

4 4 3 4 5 2 2

3 3 3 2 3 2 2

40 25 15 20 25 40 40

60 75 60 30 75 60 60

100 100 75 50 100 100 100

III III III III V III IV IV III III VI III III III IV

30 5 5 5 2 2 19 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 28 140

30 7 7 3* 3* 6 2 2 30 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 30 180

-25 25 --25 40 40 -40 40 25 25 25 40 40 ---

-75 75 --75 60 60 -60 60 75 75 75 60 60 ---

825 100 100 ----100 100 100 500 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 3900

Total Core X Laboratory course III Basic Microbiology and Immunology 1BBC6P2 Core XI Laboratory Course IV Basic Clinical Biochemistry 1BBC6C1 Core XII Nutrition Biochemistry 1BBC6C2 Core XIII Plant Biochemistry 1BBCE3A/ Elective III Biostatistics & 1BBCEPR Bioinformatics (or) **Mini Project 1SBS6B3/ (2) Skill Based Subjects II 1SBS6B4/ (2) Skill Based Subjects II 1SBS6B5 Total Grand Total

* University Examinations will be held in the even semester ** Interested candidates will be allowed to do mini project at reputed colleges / Universities / Industries for a period of 20 30 days instead of elective course. The Viva-voce examination will be conducted by Internal staff only

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I YEAR I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC1C1 CORE COURSE I BIOMOLECULES

Unit I CARBOHYDRATES

Definition, Classification, Structure of Monosaccharides: Open Chain, Haworth and Fischer formula, Stereoisomerism, Optical isomerism, Reactions of functional groups of sugars: Aldehyde, Keto and Hydroxyl groups. Occurrence, Composition, Structure and Biological role of Di, Tri, and Oligosaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Raffinose, etc., Occurrence, Composition, Structure and Biological role of Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Chitin, Inulin, Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides, Starch, Glycogen, Mucopolusaccharides and Blood group substances. A brief account of Fructans, Mannans, Xylans, Arabinans, Galactans and Galactouranans.

Unit II

PROTEINS

Chemistry of monomeric units of proteins: Classification of Amino acids based on its side chains, Structure of Amino acids, Zwitterion, pKa and Optical properties of aminoacids. Essential aminoacids. Important functions of proteins. Separation of amino acids. Structure: Hierarchical structure of proteins: Primary structure peptide bond and its characteristics, Secondary structure examples of secondary structure: -helix and -pleated sheets, Tertiary structure: influence of side chains, Quaternary structure forces stabilizing the structure of protein. Amino acid sequencing of proteins. Protection and de-protection of N-terminal and C-terminal ends and functional groups in the side-chains, formation of peptide bonds, condensing agents, Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis. Properties of proteins in aqueous solutions: acid-base properties, isoelectric point, ionic strength and charge-change inter action of proteins. De-naturation of re-naturation of proteins.

Unit III

LIPIDS

Definition and classification. Fatty acids: Introduction, classification, nomenclature, structure and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Essential fatty acid, prostaglandins. Triacylglycerols: Nomenclature, physical properties, chemical properties and characterization of fats hydrolysis, saponification value, rancidity of fats, Reichert Meissel number and reaction of glycerol. Biological importance of fats. Glycerophospholipids (Lecithins, Isolecithins, cephalins, phosphatidyl, serine, phosphatidyl inositol, plasmogens), sphingomyelins, glycolipids, cerebrocides, gangliosides. Properties and function of phospholipids, isoprenoids and sterols.

Unit IV

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Structure and properties of DNA: Viscosity, sedimentation behavior, super coiling, conformational variants of DNA, de-naturation and re-naturation kinetics Tm and its importance hyperchromic effect, Chargaffs rule.

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RNA: Classification, structure, function, RNAs involved in replication and posttranscriptional processes. Forces stabilizing the structure of Nucleic acids.

Unit V

PORPHYRINS

Porphyrin nucleus and Classification of porphyrin. Important metalloporphyrins occurring in nature. Detection of Porphyrins spectrophotometrically and by fluorescence. Bile pigments Chemical and their physiological significance.

References
Biochemistry (4th Edition) Geoffrey Zubay Biochemistry Stryer Priciples of Biochemistry Lehninger Herpers Biochemistry Fundamentals of Biochemistry Voet & Voet Fundamentals of Biochemistry J.L. Jain Biochemistry (2nd Edition) Ian D.K. Halkerston Nucleic acids: Structure, Properties and Functions Victor A. Bloomfield

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I YEAR I / II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC2P1 CORE COURSE II LABORATORY COURSE I

(University Examinations will be held in the Second Semester only)

1. Preparation of standard buffers and determination of pH of a solution. 2. Qualitative tests for: a) Carbohydrates, b) Proteins and amino acids, c) Lipids 3. Determination of Saponification value and Iodine number of fats 4. Estimation of Ascorbic acid 5. Titration curve for amino acids and determination of pK values. 6. Verification of Beef-Lamberts law 7. Estimation of Carbohydrate by Anthrone and ortho toluidine method 8. Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin method. 9. Isolation and assay of glycogen from rat liver. 10. i) Extraction of total lipids by Folch method. ii) Estimation of Food Adulterant 11. Estimation of DNA and RNA 12. Separation of sugars and amino acids using paper chromatography.

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I YEAR II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC2C1 CORE COURSE III ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I CENTRIFUGATION

Principles Preparative and analytical ultracentrifuges types of rotors Density gradient centrifugation Application of the use of analytical ultra centrifuge, Swedberg value safety aspects in the ultra centrifuge.

Unit II

CHROMATOGRAPHY

General principles column, paper and thing layer chromatography adsorption Affinity Ion exchange Exclusion Gas Liquid Chromatography and HPLC. Application and selection of chromatography method for biology.

Unit III

ELECTROPHORESIS

General principles Factors affecting electrophoresis Moving boundary electrophoresis: IEF and Isotachophoresis and its applications Zone electrophoresis: SDS PAGE, Agarose, Starch, Cellulose acetate (Paper and Thin layer) electrophoresis and its application in determining molecular weight, conformation etc., Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoflourescense, Blotting techniques: Southern, Western and Northern blotting.

Unit IV

SPECTROSCOPY

Interaction of radiation with matter Beer Lamberts law Determination and applications of extinction coefficient (E) principle and applications of UV Visible Spectroscopy colorimeter principle and application of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy, Fluorescent and Emission spectroscopy.

Unit V

RADIOISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES

Biological hazards of radiation safety measures in handling radioisotopes. Types of radio isotopes used in biochemistry Units of radio activity measurements techniques used to measure radioactivity: gas ionization and scintillation counting, Nuclear emulsion used in biological studies (Pre-mounted, liquid and stripping), isotopes commonly used in biochemical studies 32p, 35S, 14C, 3H Auto radiography and its applications. Radioimmunoassay ELISA.

References
Practical Biochemistry Wilson & Walker 1. Instrumental Analysis using Spectroscopy Meloan 2. A biologists Guide to Priniciples and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry Wilson & Goulding 3. Hand Book of Instrumental techniques for analytical chemist Frank Settle. 4. Biochromatography Theory and Practice M.A. Vijayalakshmi

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II YEAR III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC3C1 CORE COURSE IV ENZYMOLOGY

Unit I INTRODUCTION

History, general characteristics, nomenclature, IUB enzyme classification with examples, significance of numbering system. Definitions with examples of holoenzymes, oligomeric enzymes and multienzyme complexes. Enzyme specificity.

Unit II

ENZYME CATALYSIS

Role of co-factors in enzyme catalysis: NAD/NADP+, FMN/FAD, CoA, biotin, lipoamide, TPP, pyridoxal phosphate, THF and metal ions with special emphasis on co-enzyme functions. Acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, proximity and orientation effects, strain and distortion theory. Mechanism of actions of chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, Ribonuclease and lysozyme.

Unit III

ENZYME KINETICS

Factors affecting enzyme activity: Enzyme concentration, Substrate concentration, pH and temperature. Derivation of Michaelis Menten equation for unisubstrate reactions. Km and its significance. Lineweaver Burke plot and its inhibitors, Importance of Kcat/Km. Kinetics of zero and first order reactions. Significance and evaluation of energy of activation and free energy. Reversible and irreversible inhibition, competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitions, determination of Km and Vmax in presence and absence of inhibitor. Allosteric enzymes.

Unit IV

ENZYME PURIFICATION

Importance of Enzyme purification. Methods of Isolation, purification and characterization (shape, molecular weight, kinetics) of enzymes.

Unit V

INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYMES

Immobilization of enzymes and their industrial applications. Production of glucose from starch, cellulose and dextrin; use of lactase in dairy industry; production of glucose fructose syrup from sucrose; use of proteases in food, detergent and leather industry; medical application of enzymes; use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes.

References
Enzymes Understanding of Enzymes Biochemistry Biochemistry Principles of Biochemistry Malcolm Dixon Trevor Palmer Geoffrey Zubay Lubert Stryer Lehninger

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II YEAR III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC3C2 CORE COURSE V INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
Unit I CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION

Conversion of simple sugars into glucose. Glycolysis aerobic and anaerobic, energetic of glycolysis. TCA cycle amphibolic nature, energetics of TCA cycle. Glyoxalate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis and cori cycle (in liver) Importance of pathways in carbohydrate metabolisms

Unit II

BIOENERGETICS

High energy compounds. Structure of Mitochondria, Respiratory chain complexes Electron transport, reduction potential, chemo-osmotic theory and oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit III

AMINO ACID METABLISM AND ITS REGULATION

A brief account of amino acid metabolism: Metabolism of glycine, cysteine, proline, homoserine, phenylalanine (other amino acids excluded) and urea cycle.

Unit IV

LIPID METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION

Oxidation of fatty acids: Odd and even number carbon atoms, , and oxidation, energetic of -oxidation ketone body metabolism, glycerol metabolism biosynthesis of fatty acids, Triglycerides and Phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism.

Unit V

NUCLEIC ACID METABLISM AND ITS REGULATION

Biosynthesis and catabolism of nucleotides Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis

References
Fundamentals of Biochemistry Principles of Biochemistry Biochemistry Biochemistry Herpers Biochemistry (25th Edition) Textbook of Biochemistry Voet & Voet Lehninger Stryer Zubay Devlin

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B.Sc. Biochemistry

II YEAR III / IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC4P1 CORE COURSE VI LABORATORY COURSE II
(University Examinations will be held in the Fourth Semester only)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method Extraction of RNA and its estimation of Orcinol method Estimation of haemoglobin by measuring total iron in blood. Estimation of calcium and creatinine in urine Estimation of Immunoglobulins by precipitation with saturated ammonium sulphate a) Separation of Proteins by column chromatorgraphy b) Determination of proteins by dye binding assay 7. Separation of Proteins by SDS PAGE

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II YEAR IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC4C1 CORE COURSE VII HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Unit I BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS

Extra cellular fluid plasma, interstitial fluid and trancellular fluid: Lymph and blood composition, functions, osmolarity of the body fluids, ionic composition, electrolytes and body buffers. Blood cells, hemoglobin, haemopoisis, and coagulation and blood groups.

Unit II

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Composition, function and regulation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal and bile secretions digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals and vitamins.

Unit III

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Structure of nephron, formation of urine, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of glucose, water and electrolyte balance, role of kidney and hormones in their maintenance.

Unit IV

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A brief outline of various endocrine glands and their physiological roles; Biosynthesis, storage and secretion of both peptide and steroid hormones. Amino acids as hormones. Feed back regulation of hormone secretion, hormone receptors and their activation, mechanisms of intracellular and extra cellular hormone action.

Unit V

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Anatomy and physiology of respiration, exchange of gases between lung and blood and between blood and tissues. Role of lung and kidney in acid base balance. Acidosis and alkalosis.

References
Human Physiology: Vol. I & II Functions of the Human Body The living body Human Physiology Systemic & Applied Human Physiology Human Physiology Handbook of Physiology C.C. Chatterjee Guyton, A.C., Best C.H. & Taylor N.B. Sahalya Stuart Erafox Rhoades Jefferson

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II YEAR IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE1A ELECTIVE COURSE I (A) BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I
Introduction to Biotechnology Definition, History and a multidisciplinary tree of Biotechnology, Commercialisation of Biotechnology products, Public perception of Biotechnology, The future of Biotechnology.

Unit II
Basic Techniques in Biotechnology Principle and Application of Agarose gel electrophoresis, Pulse Field Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis, Blotting Techniques Southern, Northern, western blotting and Autoradiography. Polymerase Chain Reaction Principle, Nested PCR, Inverse, Reverse Transcription, Realtime quantitative, Asymmetric, Application of PCR in Clinical significance, Comparative genome and forensic and applications.

Unit III
Gene therapy: Approaches for gene therapy, vectors in gene therapy, Therapy for Adenosine Deaminase deficiency, familial hypercholesterolemia, hemophilia, gene therapy for AIDS, Ribozymes as therapeutic agents. Molecular Diagnosis of Diseases Tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS, Cystic fibrosis, sickled cell anemia, Alzheimers disease, diabetes and obesity. Pharmaceutical products of DNA technology Production and applications of insulin, human growth hormone, interferons.

Unit IV COMMERCIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Traditional vaccines, recombinant vaccines, subunit vaccines, hepatitis B Vaccine, RNA vaccines, plant edible vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) Principles for creation of hybridoma cells, production of monoclonal antibodies, strategies for the production of human mouse monoclonal antibodies, Advantages and limitations of monoclonal antibodies. Applications in diagnosis, therapeutic applications, in diagnostic imaging, in protein purification, Catalytic MAbs (abzymes)

Unit V INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Fermentation types of bioreactors, operation of bioreactors sterilization, inoculation and sampling, aeration, control system, culture system batch culture and continuous culture. Microbial production of alcohol, production of ethanol, acetone, butanol and glycerol organic acids citric acid, lactic acid, Commercial applications of amino acids, methods for

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production of amino acids glutamic acid, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, vitamins vitamin B12, riboflavin and Carotene.

Reference
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fundamental of Biotechnology by U.Sathyanarayanan. (Revised Edition) Gene Cloning by T.A.Brown. Principles of Gene Manipulation by R.W.Old and S.B.Primrose. Concepts in Biotechnology by D.Balasubramaniam. Microbial Biotechnology by Glazier and Alexander.

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III YEAR V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC5C1 CORE COURSE VIII MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit I DNA REPLICATION
Chromosome Structure. DNA as the vehicle of inheritance Experimental evidence Griffith, McLeod, McCarty and Avery, Herschey-Chase experiments. DNA replication in prokaryotes, mode of replication, Semiconservative modes of replication. An overview of replication replication eye, replication forks, semi discontinuous replication, Okazaki fragments, RNA primers Enzymes of replication DNA polymerases I, II, III, Topoisomerases, Helicases binding proteins and ligases. Role of Telomeres in eukaryotic DNA replication, Inhibitors of replication.

Unit II TRANSCRIPTION
Steps in prokaryotic transcription: initiation, elongation, termination, and the factors involved in transcription. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Factors involved in eukaryotic transcription. Post transcriptional processes and its importance. Inhibitors of transcription.

Unit III TRANSLATION

Genetic code, degeneracy, codon usage, wobble hypothesis. Ribosome Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic origin. Steps in translation Initiation, elongation, termination, and the factors (both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) involved in translation, Inhibitors of Translation. Post translational modification: Formation of disulphide bonds, proteolytic cleavage, protein glycosylation N linked oligosaccharides, O linked oligosaccharides and ABO blood group system, Acetylation and Methylation.

Unit IV DNA Damage and repair

DNA damage by chemical and physical agents. Mutation definition, type of mutations such as (spontaneous and induced) point mutation. Repair by direct reversal of damage, excision repair, recombination repair and SOS repair. Gene regulation Lac operon and Tryptophan operon.

Unit V Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA Sequencing Enzymatic and Chemical methods. Gene Cloning Restriction and Modification enzymes. Vectors Characteristics of vectors, plasmids, cosmids.

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Bascteriophages and shuttle vectors. Complementary DNA (cDNA) Construction of cDNA library construction and its importance. DNA foot printing and its Uses.

Reference
1. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) by Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, James Darnell. 2. The Cell by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and James D. Watson. 3. Biochemistry by Zubay 4th Edition. 4. Molecular Biology by David Freifelder. 5. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by H. Ellicot and C. Ellicot.

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III YEAR V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC5C2 CORE COURSE IX CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Overview of carbohydrate metabolism, Sugar level in normal blood Hypo and Hyperglycemia, Renal threshold, Glycosuria, Obesity and Galactosemia, Glucose tolerance test. Diabtes mellitus. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism.

Unit II

DISORDERS OF LIPID METABOLISM

Overview of lipid metabolism, Hypo and Hyper lipoproteniemias, disorders of triglycerides, Phospholipids and Cholesterol metabolism. Steatorrhea. Inborn errors of lipid metabolism.

Unit III

DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM

Overview of amino acids and protein metabolism, Amino acid metabolism in starvation, Disorders of plasma protein -globulinemia, proteinuria. urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia. Uremia, Urecemia and Porphyria. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.

Unit IV

DISORDERS OF NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM

Overview of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, Gout, Lesch Nhyan syndrome, orotic aciduria and xanthinuria.

Unit V

IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Disorders of Immunoglobulin synthesis, allergy and Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune diseases.

References
Physiological Chemistriy Hawks Practical Clinical Biochemistry Harold Varley Clinical Biochemistry Tietz Biochemistry Chatterjea Practical Clinical chemistry methods and Interpretations Chawla

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III YEAR V / VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6P1 CORE COURSE X LABORATORY COURSE III
(University Examinations will be held in the Sixth Semester only)

1. Separation of Blood and serum a) Estimation of Proteins from serum by Biuret and Lowry method. b) Determination of albumin and A/G ratio on serum 2. Estimation of Bilirubin (Conjugated and Unconjugated) in serum 3. i). Estimation of total lipids in serum by vannilin method ii). Estimation of cholesterol in serum 4. Estimation of lipid profile 5. Estimation of blood urea nitrogen in plasma 6. Separation and identification of amino acids by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography. 7. Estimation of ALT and AST in serum 8. Blood Analysis: 1. Blood urea 2. Blood cholesterol 3. Blood Uric acid 4. Creatinine 9. Urine Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. Collection of 24 hours urine Colour, pH, Volume and density Urine urea, uric acid and creatinine. Qualitative test for urine sugar Urease method Ferric chloride method Molybdate method Picric acid method

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III YEAR V / VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6P2 CORE COURSE XI LABORATORY COURSE IV
(University Examinations will be held in the Sixth Semester only)

1. Cleaning of Glassware 2. Preparation of Simple culture media 3. Selection of suitable culture medium 4. Grams staining, motility Hanging drop 5. Isolation of microbes serial dilution, streak plate technique 6. RBC, WBC count 7. Blood grouping ABO 8. Rh factor 9. EST Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate 10. Estimation of lactose in milk Comparison of different milks for fat, protein and lactose. 11. Estimation of acidity in milk 12. Microbial quality of milk methylene blue dye reduction test 13. Enumeration of E.coli in milk and Ice cream.

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III YEAR V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE2A ELECTIVE COURSE II (A) MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
Unit I ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE OF MICROORGANISMS

Microbiology as a basic and applied science historical perspective of microbiology natural distribution of microorganism general classification of microorganism and their characteristics. Prokaryotic organization Cytoplasmic membrane and their functions Mesosomes, cell well gram positive and gram negative bacteria and their reactions, capsule and slime layers flagella and cilia bacterial chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, reserved food endospore.

Unit II

BACTERIAL NUTRITION

Growth and reproduction autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition bacteria photosynthesis chemilithotrophy, bacterial metabolism fermentation homofermentative and heterofermentative types binary fission other modes of reproduction conjugation transformation transduction sporulation kinetics of bacterial growth normal growth curve.

Unit III

APPLIED, FOOD & INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

Food spoilage, food poisoning and food borne infection. Use of microbes in industries, ethanol production, organic acid (lactic and citric acid) production, antibiotics (Pencillin and Streptomycin) production. Microorganism and milk: Sources of microorganism, fermentation of milk, specific fermentation of milk souring, gassiness, aroma and flavor, proteolysis, alkali production, ripeness, sweet curding, bitter flavour and miscellaneous fermentations.

Unit IV
a)

IMMUNOLOGY

Definition: Immunity, host resistance, antigen, antibody. Scope of Immunology vaccines. Immunodiagnostics. Blood transfusion and forensic studies. b) Immunity: Innate, Acquired immunity. Introduction to cells and organs of the immune system c) Antigents: Immunogen and Hapten. T-cells dependent and independent antigens. d) Immunoglobulins: Types IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE and their structure. e) Antigen Antibody interactions: Affinity and Avidity. Epitope, paratope, Idiotypes.

Unit V

ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

Types of hypersensitivity and the molecules involved. Unusual and adverse response to drugs, Drugs idiosyncrasy, drug intolerance.

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Transplantation Graft rejection, transplantation antigens, HLA and mechanism of graft rejection and tissue typing. Prevention of graft refection immuno suppressive agents and immuno surveillance.

References
Microbiology (5th Edn) Microbiology Microbiology Immunology Immunology Cellular and Molecular Immunology Immunology Immunology Introduction to Microbiology Michael J. Pelezar Engine W. Nester Roberts Pelzar and Reig Janis Kuby Eli Benjamini Abut K. Abbas & A.K. Lichtman Richard M. Hyde Goldsby Ingraham.

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III YEAR VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6C1 CORE COURSE XII NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION

Definition of foods and nutrition. Functions of food and its relation to nutritional and clinical health, Basic food groups: Energy giving foods, body building foods and protective foods. Essential nutrients, RDA for average Indian, analysis of food composition, food habits, food fads and fallacies.

Unit II

ENERGY

Definition and unit of energy Kcal, RQ, SDA. Basal metabolism, measurement of BMR, factors affecting BMR, regulation of body temperature, energy needs, total energy requirements, estimation of energy requirements and energy value of foods.

Unit III

MINERAL NUTRITION

Essential micro and macro nutrients, distribution, sources metabolism, functions and abnormatlities. Vitamins: Definition, classification, sources, distribution, metabolism, function, abnormalities, minimum requirements and optimum allowances, assay of vitamins, deficiency and excess.

Unit IV

BALANCED DIET FORMULATION

Assessment of nutritional status. Nutrition at various stages of growth and development: Diets for infants. Children, adolescent, pregnant women, lactating mothers and older persons. Nutritional therapy during stress, anemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus and allergy Protein nutritional Nitrogen balance, quality of food proteins and requirements, protein nutrition abnormatlities, protein deficiency disorder, PEM

Unit V

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

Vitamin deficiency diseases, Deficiency and Disorder of trace elements. Nutritional challenges of the future: Food production and food storage, future foods, new protein foods, new fat foods and changing food habits.

References
Principles of Nutrition Determination Dietetics Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Advances Text Book on Food and Nutrition Dr. M. Swaminathan Vol. I & II Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition Corine Robinson Human Nutrition and Dietetics Garon and James

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B.Sc. Biochemistry

III YEAR VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6C2 CORE COURSE XIII PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I
Introduction, occurrence, classification, structure and function of naturally occurring pigments, Carotenoids, flavones, flavonols and chlorophylls.

Unit II
Photosynthesis: Photosyntheitc apparatus and pigments. Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, C3, C4 and CAM plants factors affecting photosynthesis. Photorespiration.

Unit III
Plant growth regulators: Normal growth hormones Auxins, GA, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abcisic acid synthetic growth hormones.

Unit IV
Plant Nutrition: Essential mineral nutrients Absorption, translocation and function, effects of toxicity and deficiency, N2 cycle, Nitrogen fixation symbiotic and a symbiotic nitrogen fixation nitrogenase, nitrate assimilation, sulphur metabolism sulphate as a mineral nutrient, sulpahte assimilation.

Unit V
Physiology and reproduction: Brief account on physiology of germination / dormancy / photoperiodism / Vernalization. Plant tissue culture (an elementary treatment) Biochemistry of disease resistance in plants.

References
Plant Biochemistry Plant Biochemistry Plant Biochemistry (3rd Edn) Plant Physiology Biochemistry (4th Edn) Devlin and Witham Ross and Salisburry Bonner and Varner Hopkins Geoffrey Zubay

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III YEAR VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE3A ELECTIVE COURSE III (A) BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINFORMATICS
Unit I COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA

Collection of data types (a) primary data, (b) secondary data. Methods of collecting data. Sampling and sampling designs meaning and definition of random and non-random sampling. Edition of data, Definition for editing, objectives of editing, problems of accuracy, problems of approximation and errors.

Unit II

REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Classification of Data, Meaning and Definition, objectives of classification of data. a) Ungrouped data continuous discrete variation. b) Univariate frequency distribution, continuous frequency distribution, discrete frequency distribution. c) Cumulative frequency distribution Tabulation of data: Meaning and definition (a) parts of a table (b) Advantages. Diagrammatic and graphic representation of data.

Unit III
Explanation, Types of dispersion: 1. Range 2. Mean deviation 3. Standard deviation and variance, Problems related to the above mentioned dispersion taking ungrounded data. Explanation and definition for symmetry, explanation for skewness, kurtosis of different types of moments. Tests of skewness, Measures of skewness, measures of Kurtosis (Problems not necessary).

Unit IV a) Computer basics

Course introduction, MS Windows basics, Unix basics PC X windows (NCD PCXWARE) File management E-mail (PINE, EUDORA,METSCAPE MAIL) File transfer (ftp, wsftp)

b) Review of key molecular genetic internet site and searching for similar sequences and multiple sequence alignment
Internet world wide web resources (a list and description is provided in some useful sites on the internet) Similarity searching BLAST/FASTA Retrieving and installing a program (Tree Tool) Multiple sequence alignment (CLUSTLAW and bee)

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Unit V a) The virtual library

Searching MIDLINE on the pubmed system from the center for biotechnology information. Searching the science citation index and current contents connect from the institute for scientific information. Using bibliographic databases and tables of content services to stay current of the biomedical literature. Accessing full text journals on the internet and printing articles.

b) Databases and search tools

NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov/ EMBL SERVER: http://www.2ebi.ac.uk/services.html Genom Navigator: S. cerevisiae Genome index http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/andy/GN/S.cerevisiae

References
Statistical Methods S.P. Gupta Biostatistics A foundation analysis in health Science Daniel Form and Style in thesis writing health science Cambhell Thesis and Assignment Writing health science Anderson Research Methodology health science R.C. Kothari Genomic Perl From Bioinformatics Basics to working code Rex A. Dwyer Fundamentals of Biostatistics Rosner Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome analysis David W. Mount Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols Stephen Misener Bioinformatics (2nd edition) Baxe vanis

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B.Sc. Biochemistry