Sime Darby Nursing and Health Sciences College

ASSIGNMENT : -

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS [ Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell ]

NAME : MOHD AZLAN BIN MULLIADI@MULYADI ID NUMBER : DML/0431/11 INTAKE : SEPTEMBER 2011 TUTOR : MISS UMADEVI A/P

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Table Of Content

NAME OF EACH THE PAGE Cover Page Table Of Content Introduction Picture Of Cells Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell

NUMBER OF THE PAGE 1 2 3

4 5

Name And Function Of Organalles Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell 6,7 6,7

Difference Between Cells Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell 8,9 8,9

Reference Book Lecturer Note Internet 10 10 10

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Introduction
The purpose of this guide is to provide an overview of the basic structural components of living cells. In reviewing these structures, we will also discuss their functions. All living organisms are composed of cells. A cell is a small, membrane-bound compartment that contains all the chemicals and molecules that help support an organism's life. An understanding of the structure of cells is one of the first steps in comprehending the complex cellular interactions that direct and produce life. Cells can be thought of as building blocks of organisms. Some organisms are composed of a single cell. Others, like ourselves, are composed of millions of cells that work together to perform the more complex functions that make us different from bacteria. It is difficult to imagine that humans are descendants of a single cell, but this is a common belief in the scientific world. Before we can understand how multiple cells can work together to create complex biological functions, it is necessary to understand what biological functions single cells are capable of performing on their own to sustain life. There are different types of cells with individuated structures. Single-celled organisms have different cell structure than multi-celled organisms and plant cells have different structures from animal cells. These differences reflect differences in the functions that each of these classes of cells is required to perform. While the focus of this guide will be on the structures that compose complex multi-cellular organisms, we will begin our discussion of cell structure with a structure that is universal to all cells, membranes.

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Picture Of Cells 1) Eukaryotic cell

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

2) Prokaryotic cell

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Function Of Each Organalles 1) Cell(Plasma) Membrane:

-Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. -Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from it's surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.

2) Cytoplasm:
-Description: Background; Liquid Atmosphere; Jelly-like substance that contains organelles. -Function: Transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.

3) Centrioles:
-Description: Composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm. -Function: Involved in the cell division. Forms spindle fibers.

4) Ribosomes:
-Description: Each cell contains thousands. Stationary+Mobile. Appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) and cytoplasm. -Function: Makes proteins.

5) Mitochondria:
-Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane. -Function: Uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP.

6) Nucleus:
-Description: Sphere shaped. --3 parts --Nuclear membrane(pores) --Nucleolus --Nucleoplasm --Centrally located -Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.

7) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

-Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nucleus. -Functions: Makes/Transports Proteins.

8) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

-Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes. -Functions: Makes/Transports Fats.

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

9) Golgi Body(Apparatus)
-Description: Countless sacs formed near Nucleus not connected. -Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles.

10) Lysosomes:
-Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything. -Functions: Enymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes, and worn-out cell parts.

11) Peroxisomes:
-Descriptions: Round sacs that contain peroxide. -Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds.

12) Cell Wall:

-Description: Tough rigid structure surrounding plant cell membrane. -Functions: Surrounds/protects a plant cell and gives the cell it's boxy shape, prevents bursting in most environments.

13) Chloroplasts:
-Descriptions: Bean shaped, plastid/filled with Chlorophyll. -Function: Traps energy from the sun, and converts it into energy sugar and starch(food) via photosynthesis.

14) Plastid:
-Descriptions: Circular tiny bodies in cytoplasm of plant cells. -Functions: Stores nutrients/pigments/chemicals used in food making (photosynthesis)

15) Vacuole:
-Descriptions: 1 very large organelle in plant cells, many smaller organelles in animal cells. -Functions: Membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes.

16) Flagella/Cillia:
-Description: Flagella: Long thread-like. Cillia-tiny hair-like structures outside of the cell. -Functions: Flagella: Movement(Wipe-line action.) Cillia-Trap dust/movement.

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Difference between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell

feature types of organism eukaryotic cells Found in "complex" organisms, including all plants and animals Can specialize for certain functions, such as absorbing nutrients from food or transmitting nerve impulses groups cells can form large, multicellular organs and organisms Most animal cells are 1030 micrometers across; most plant cells are 10100 micrometers across prokaryotic cells Found in "simple" organisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria

specialization

Usually exist as single, virtually identical cells

Size

Most are 110 micrometers across

Nucleus

Contain a nucleus and many other organelles, each surrounded by a membrane Lack a nucleus and other membrane(the nucleus and mitochondrion have two encased organelles membranes) One (or more) present in each nucleus DNA always in combination with histone proteins Present temporarily during mitosis and meiosis Absent Simple duplex not associated with histones (i.e. basic proteins)Absent Absent

Nucleolus DNA Spindle sexual system

Complete nuclear fusion between gametes, Unidirectional transfer of genes from with equal contributions from both genomes donor to recipient Present in plant cells, but never contain muramic acid Complex compartmentalization into endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, etc 80 S with subunits (60 S + 40 S) Complex chloroplasts (membrane-bounded organelles) Virtually all forms are aerobic, though a few are faculatively anaerobic (e.g. yeasts); and, uniquely, the trichomonads are obligate Present, but chemically different in many respects from eukaryotes (e.g. presence of muramic acid) Usually simple and often transient, if present at all 70 S* with subunits (30 S + 50 S) Simple chromatophores

cell wall

internal membranes Ribosomes photosynthesis

Respiration

Simple chromatophores

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

anerobes Found on the inner membrane of special membrane-bound organelles: mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation) and chloroplasts (photophosphorylation). Virtually all forms Localized on the cell membrane are aerobic, though a few are faculatively anaerobic (e.g. yeasts); and, uniquely, the trichomonads are obligate anerobes

electron transport system & ATP synthesis

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment

 Reference

1) Book - Molecular Biology Of The Cell,By Bruce Alberts (Author), Alexander Johnson
(Author), Julian Lewis (Author), Martin Raff (Author), Keith Roberts (Author), Peter Walter (Author),MS 27-34,2/5/2012,8.15 PM

2) Lecturer Note - Eukaryotic Cell Note,Cell Biology and Genetics,By Koh Pei Hoon - Prokaryotic Cell Note,Cell Biology and Genetics,By Koh Pei Hoon

3) Internet
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Organelles_and_their_functions http://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell

Thank You

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Cell Biology & Genetics Assignment