Whether you are working with beech, birch, pine or oak wood for your woodwork project, you

probably will need a variety of carpentry tools. These carpentry tools will help cut, hit, drive, shape or even sand rough edges to complete a job. You will have a variety of choices to select from, depending on what you plan to accomplish with a piece of wood. Does this Spark an idea?

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Sawing Carpentry Tools

Many types of saws are available for cutting pieces of wood. You use a hand saw to cut pieces of woodwork into diverse shapes and sizes. A tenon saw features a fine and thin blade that saws or cuts diagonally of the wood's grain and leaves a smooth surface. Additionally, smaller types of tenon saws are sash saws and dovetail saws.

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Saw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Saw (disambiguation). Saw

A crosscut hand saw about 620 mm (24 inches) long Classification Cutting Hand saw Back saw Bow saw Circular saw Reciprocating saw Bandsaw Milling cutter

Types

Related

A saw is a tool that uses a hard blade, wire, or chain with a toothed edge to cut through softer materials. A saw may be worked by hand, or powered by steam, water, electricity or other power. An abrasive saw uses a powered circular blade for cutting metal.

Terminology
Diagram showing the teeth of a saw blade when looking front-on. The teeth protrude to the left and right, so that the saw cut (kerf) is wider than the blade width. The term set describes how much the teeth protrude.

Heel: The end closest to the handle. Toe: The end farthest from the handle. Front: The side with the teeth (the "bottom edge"). Back: Opposite the front ("top edge"). Teeth: Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw. Gullet: Valley between the points of the teeth Fleam: The angle of the faces of the teeth relative to a line perpendicular to the face of the saw. Rake: The angle of the front face of the tooth relative to a line perpendicular to the length of the saw. Teeth designed to cut with the grain (ripping) are generally steeper than teeth designed to cut across the grain (crosscutting) Points per inch (25 mm): The most common measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade. This is measured by setting the tip, or point, of one tooth at the zero point on a ruler, and then counting how many points are contained within one inch (25 mm) of length, counting inclusively. There will always be one more point per inch than there are teeth per inch (e.g., a saw with 14 points per inch will have 13 teeth per inch, a saw with 10 points per inch will have 9 teeth per inch). Some saws do not have the same number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length, but the vast majority do. Teeth Per inch : Another common measurement of the amount of teeth residing in any one inch length of a saw blade. Usually abbreviated as TPI, e.g. a blade consisting of 18TPI (Teeth Per Inch). Kerf: Width of the saw cut. On most saws the kerf is wider than the saw blade because the teeth are flared out sideways (set). This allows the blade to move through the cut easily without getting stuck (binding). However, some saws are made so that the teeth have no set on one side. This is done so that the saw can lie flat on a surface and cut along the surface without scratching it. These are referred to as flush cutting saws. Although the term kerf is often used to refer to the width of the saw blade, it actually means the width of the cut, which is affected by the width of the blade, the amount of wobble created during cutting, and the amount of material pulled out of the sides of the cut. This distinction can be important because the use of a blade that is too thin can result in excessive wobble and a wider kerf.

In a modern serrated saw, each tooth is bent to a precise angle called its set. The set of the teeth is determined by the kind of cut the saw is intended to make. For example, a rip saw has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel. The idea is to have the teeth rip or tear the

material apart. Some teeth are usually splayed slightly to each side of the blade so that the cut width (kerf) is wider than the blade itself and the blade does not bind in the cut. The kerf of the blade is adjusted with a tool called a saw tooth setter. An abrasive saw uses an abrasive disc or band for cutting, rather than a serrated blade.

History

Roman sawblades from Vindonissa approx. 3rd to 5th century AD In ancient Egypt, saws made of copper are documented as early as the Early Dynastic Period, circa 3,0002,800.[1][page needed] Examples of saws and models of saws have been found in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. Particularly useful are tomb wall illustrations of carpenters at work that show sizes and the use of different types. Egyptian saws were set with the teeth projecting only on one side, rather than in the modern fashion with the more advantageous alternating set. According to Chinese tradition, the saw was invented by Lu Ban.[2] In Greek mythology, as recounted by Ovid,[3] Talos, the nephew of Daedalus, invented the saw. In archeological reality, saws date back to prehistory and most probably evolved from Neolithic stone or bone tools. "[T]he identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4,000 years ago."[4]

Handmade manufacture
Until at least the mid-19th century, saws were made laboriously by hand. The teeth were filed out individually, then "set" by striking alternate teeth with a hammer against a "stake" or small anvil. Due to risk of breaking teeth, beginners were given saw set pliers which set even more slowly.[5]

Saw pits
Main articles: Saw pit and Two-man saw In early English North America, the pit saw was one of the principal industrial tools. It was a two-man saw, generally operated over a pit across which the logs to be cut into boards were mounted. The saw was "a strong steel cutting-plate, of great breadth, with large teeth, highly polished and thoroughly wrought, some eight or ten feet in length"[6] with a handle on either end.

The pit saw took at least two men to operate. The "pitman" stood in the pit to raise the saw for the backstrokeand the "sawyer", standing above, guided the cut. Pit-saw workers were among the best paid in early colonial North America. The pit saw is also known as a whipsaw.[7]

Types of saws
Hand saws

Sawing circa 1425 Hand saws use the blade thickness to remain stiff. The pull stroke also reduces the amount of stiffness required. Some examples are: Coping saw for cutting wood patterns

Crosscut saw for making cuts perpendicular to the grain Fret saw for cutting intricate wood patterns Hacksaw fine-toothed tempered blade under tension for cutting metal, bone, and other hard materials. Pad saw, keyhole saw, jab saw narrow bladed saw. Plywood saw fine-toothed blade to reduce tearing of plywood Rip saw for cutting along the grain Two-man saw for cutting large logs or trees Veneer saw two edged saw with fine teeth used to cut veneer

Back saws Main articles: Backsaw and Japanese saw The second category of hand saws utilize a thinner blade by reinforcing it with a steel or brass back. Back saws are differentiated by the length of the blade. Some examples are:

Miter saw used to make accurate crosscuts and miters in a workpiece Tenon saw also called a Dovetail saw or sash saw is used in woodworking for precise work

Mechanically powered saws

Circular blade saws

Circular saw, used in industrial sawing of log and beams, typically found in sawmills also name given to smaller hand-held saws Table saw, circular blade rising through a slot in a table. A smaller direct-drive versions can be set on a workbench is called workbench saw. If set on steel legs it is called a Contractor's Saw. A heavier version, which is more precise and more powerful and driven by multiple belts with an enclosed base stand is called a Cabinet saw. A new version, called a hybrid saw, has the lighter weight mechanism of a Contractor saw but with an enclosed base like the Cabinet saw. Radial arm saw is a versatile machine used mainly for cross-cutting. The blade is pulled on a guide arm through a piece of wood held stationary on the saw's table Rotary saw is used to make accurate cuts without the need for a pilot hole in wallboard, plywood, and other thin materials. It can be called a spiral cut saw or a "RotoZip". Electric miter saw, (also called chop saw, cut-off saw or power miter box) is used for making accurate cross cuts and miter cuts. The basic model has its circular blade fixed at a 90 angle to the vertical, a compound miter saw's blade can be adjusted to other angles. A sliding compound miter saw has a blade which can be pulled through the work similar to the action of a radial arm saw, which gives a greater capacity for cutting wider workpieces. Concrete saw, usually powered by an internal combustion engine and used with a Diamond Blade to cut concrete or asphalt pavement.

Abrasive saw, which uses an abrasive disc for cutting rather than a toothed blade. Abrasive saws are used for cutting very hard materials, such as metal. Pendulum saw or Swing saw, the saw is hung on a swinging arm. Often used for rough cross cutting wood in a sawmill. Also for cutting ice out of a frozen river.

Reciprocating blade saws

Jigsaw or saber saw (US) has a narrow blade for cutting irregular shapes. The term jigsaw was also commonly used for what is now called a scroll saw. Reciprocating saw or sabre saw (UK and Australia) use an action similar to a jigsaw. They are larger, more powerful and use a longer stroke with the blade parallel to the barrel. It is useful for demolition work or for cutting pipe, and is sometimes powered by compressed air. Scroll saw is a saw for making intricate curved cuts (scrolls). Dragsaw is used for bucking logs before the advent of the chainsaw. Sternal saw is used in surgery to open a patient's sternum.

Continuous band

Band saw, with motor-driven continuous band Chainsaw, motor-driven, for felling trees

Types of blades
Blade teeth are of two general types: Tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp edge much longer. Band saw blade A long band with teeth on one side welded into a circle. Less waste than circular saws due to blade being thinner. More heat disapation because there is more blade to do the cutting. Usually run at a slower speed than circular saw. Crosscut In woodworking, a cut made at (or near) a right angle to the direction of the wood grain of the workpiece. A crosscut saw is used to make this type of cut. Rip cut In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. A rip saw is used to make this type of cut. Plytooth A circular saw blade with many small teeth designed for cutting plywood with minimal splintering. Dado blade A special type of circular saw blade used for making wide grooved cuts in wood so the edge of another piece of wood will fit into the groove to make a joint. Dado blades can make different width grooves by addition or removal of chipper blades of various widths between the outer dado blades. This first type is called a stacked dado blade. There is another type of dado blade capable of cutting variable width grooves. An adjustable dado

utilizes a movable locking cam mechanism which causes the blade to wobble sideways more or less. This allows continuously variable groove width from the lower to upper design limits of the dado. Strob Saw Blade A circular saw blade with special rakers/cutters to easily saw through green or uncured wood which would otherwise jam the saw blade.

Materials used for saws

There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications. Brass Mostly used in back saws because of its low price, its flow characteristics that make the material relatively easy to cast, and unlike other types of saw, the forces that take place in back saws are relatively low because of the pulling motion used. Steel Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap, easy to shape, and very strong, it has the right properties for most kind of saws. Diamond Fixed onto the saw blade's base to form diamond saw blades. As diamond is a superhard material, diamond saw blades can be used to cut hard and brittle, or abrasive materials, for example, stone, concrete, asphalt, bricks, ceramics, glass, semiconductor and gem stone. There are many methods to fix the diamonds onto the blades' base and there are various diamond saw blades, which are used in a variety of fields.[8] High speed steel (HSS) The whole saw blade is made of High Speed Steel (HSS). HSS saw blades are mainly used to cut steel, copper, aluminum and other metal materials. If high-strength steels (e.g., stainless steel) are to be cut, the blades made of cobalt HSS (e.g. M35, M42) should be used.[8] Tungsten carbide Normally, there are two ways to use tungsten carbide to make saw blades:[8] 1. Carbide tipped saw blades: The saw blade's teeth are tipped (via welding) with small pieces of sharp tungsten carbide block. This type of blade is also called TCT (Tungsten Carbide Tipped) saw blade. Carbide tipped saw blades are widely used to cut wood, plywood, laminated board, plastic, grass, aluminum and some other metals. 2. Solid carbide saw blades: The whole saw blade is made of tungsten carbide. Comparing with HSS saw blades, solid carbide saw blades have higher hardness under high temperatures, and are more durable, but they also have a lower toughness.

Uses

Saws are most commonly used for cutting hard materials. They are used extensively in forestry, construction, demolition, medicine, and hunting. Musical saws are used as instruments to make music.

Chainsaw carving is a flourishing modern art form. Special saws have been developed for this purpose. The production of Lumber, lengths of squared wood for use in construction, begins with the felling of trees and the transportation of the logs to a sawmill.

Plainsawing: Lumber for structural uses is typically plainsawn (also called flatsawn), a method of dividing the log that produces the maximum yield of useful pieces and therefore the greatest economy. Quarter sawing: This sawing method produce edge-grain or vertical gain lumber, in which annual growth rings run more consistently perpendicular to the pieces' wider faces. To keep your sharp handsaws cutting smoothly, periodically rub a candle along both faces of the saw.

This will help the saw move through the wood and make your cuts a lot easier. When your saw starts binding, its time to rub it with the candle again.

1. Tenon Saw : Used to cut metal tubes, rods and metal sheets.
Hacksaw: Used for cutting straight lines in wood. Crosscut Saw: Used to cut wood purposly at 90 digrees to the wood grain. Coping Saw: Used for cutting a range of woods. Usefull for cutting shapes and curves. Keyhole Saw: Used for cutting small holes in wood. Proper Care and Maintenance of Tools and Equipment To prevent rusting, oil the metal parts of toolsTo keep cutting tools efficient, sharpen them. - To keep them from rusting, always clean and dry tools before storing them. - All tools and equipment should be kept in a storage area, cabinet, or shelf where they will be protected from moisture.

Safety
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Tools used by carpenters to ensure safety and protection include eye protection such as goggles, a dust mask and ear plugs. The eye protection and dust mask offer protection from particulate matter, such as sawdust and building material debris which might enter the air. The ear plugs should be worn to protect your hearing from damage when you are performing a large task, such as using an lectric saw.

Types of Hand Saws

One of the most important tools of carpentry, a saw, has been in use since ages. Historical texts from Egypt depict workers using hand saws while building pyramids. Today, it has become a prominent equipment in various industries as well as households. Let's list various types of hand saws in use today.

A hand saw is a carpentry tool, sporting a sharp toothed blade, most often used for cutting wood. The blade made of strong metal has a sharp edge which facilitates easy cutting of the relatively soft wood. While a mechanical saw is powered by a motor, which rotates to move the blade, the hand saw requires manual efforts. Different Types of Hand Saws Back Saw: A back saw, sports a stiffening edge on its opposite side which is used for cutting, which gives a better control of the tool and thus facilitates precision in cutting. It is most often used for woodworking, such as cabinetry, which requires accuracy in cutting. The spacing between the teeth in this saw is very less. A major drawback of the back saw is that the stiffener being thicker than the blade, keeps the depth till which the saw can cut in limit. Some sub-types of back saw are tenon saws, dovetail saws and gent's saw. While tenon and dovetail saws sport a pistol styled handle, either open or closed at the bottom, the gent's saw features a thin turned handle located parallel to the blade. Compass Saw: A compass saw, also referred to as a fret saw, is a narrow bladed saw, most often used to cut tight curves. This saw can facilitate wood cutting in a relatively less radii, with a greater accuracy. The design of this saw appears to be quite out of proportion, owing to the depth of its frame and comparatively a short blade. The blade used in this saw is very fine, and this proves to be the major advantage for the tool as it can cut sharp corners with definite ease. The only drawback of compass saw is the fragility of its blade. Crosscut Saws: A crosscut is a term used to refer to a horizontal cut, made through the trunk of a standing tree. A cross cut saw is used to make such type of cuts, in standing trees as well as free lumber. This saw features teeth specially designed to cut the wood at right angle. As the cutting edge of these teeth is angled back, each tooth slices through the wood like a knife edge. Some saws sport alternating patterns of teeth, which help in scraping out cut strips of wood. Bucking saw, used for cutting felled trees, and felling saw, used to cut down standing trees, are two sub-types of crosscut saws. Hacksaws: A hacksaw is a saw, featuring a fine toothed blade set under tension in a frame. This

powerful saw is often used to cut metals, such as aluminum and copper, other than wood. This saw sports a pistol grip, and pins at the ends to attach a narrow blade. A screw is used in order to put this narrow blade under tension. This disposable blade can be either fixed facing towards, or facing away from the handle, depending on which the cutting action is determined on pull or push stroke. Rip Saws: A rip saw is specially designed to make rip cuts, i.e. a cut parallel to the direction of the grain of the material on which you are working, most often wood. Each tooth of the rip saw has a flat edge on the front side. Due to this each tooth behaves like a chisel, preventing the tool from following grain lines, thus facilitating straight cuts. Most of these saws are designed to cut when the saw is pushed, but some saws work the other way round, cutting wood when pulled back. Hand saws are prominently used in fields such as forestry, construction and medicine. These tools have become important components of wood cutting industry, and imagining these industries without this useful tool is very difficult.

The chain saw is one of the many machines used in the product range is the widest, the highest frequency of use of power tools. Because of its very sharp teeth with and used for high speed cutting wood, therefore the use of its operations, to adopt more stringent safety precautions. Any irregular operation, not timely maintenance, will form a certain safe hidden trouble, the user needs to pay attention to. The world's largest chainsaw manufacturer Germany Steele group of technical experts summed up a series of chain saw operation and maintenance skills and attention to matters, share with the reader. Always ensure the saw chain lubricating The chain saw and the guide plate of lubrication for chainsaw use, and its importance. Technical staff said, saw chain must always have a small amount of lubricating oil is thrown out, not in the saw chain lubricating work under the condition of No. If the saw chain to do, then cutting tool will soon be damaged and cannot be repaired. So, at the beginning of the work must be checked before the saw chain lubrication and oil tank lubricating oil quantity. In order to make the chain saw and the guide plate is automatic and reliable lubrication, technicians recommend the use of high quality, little environmental pollution of the chain saw and the guide plate lubricants, such as anti-aging ability, biodegradable lubricants. If the aging resistance is low, the lubricating oil is easy to resin, can form is hard to get rid of hard deposits, especially in the saw chain transmission parts, clutch and surrounding the saw chain. Serious when can get stuck pump. In addition, do not use the waste lubricating oil. Waste lubricating oil does not have the required lubrication capacity, and repeated exposure to waste lubricating oil can cause skin cancer, waste lubricating oil will damage the environment.

Each time you add fuel to be filled saw chain lubricating oil, must ensure that each fuel is exhausted, the saw chain lubricating oil tank is also a little residual oil. If there is lubricating oil tank oil quantity is reduced, possibly due to the lubricating oil passage blockage caused by. At this time to check the saw chain lubricating, cleaning oil, necessary to service dealers. For the new factory equipment, to be avoided in the running-in period from unnecessary high load operation, therefore, in the first three tank fuel runs out before not racing. As the moving parts must be in the running-in period mutual running-in, so during this short cylinder with large friction resistance. At about 5 to 15 out of the engine oil after reaching its maximum power. Chainsaw during normal work, don't be too low oil mixture ratio control in order to increase power, which may damage the engine. In addition, to always check the saw chain tension. And has been put into use in a longer period of time than a new chain saws, chain saws requires more frequent tightening. Generally in a cold state, saw chain in guide side engaged but can still pull by hand along the guide plate, the tightness of the right. On reaching the operating temperature, the saw chain expansion, the onset of relaxation. Do not allow the plate side of the drive chain from the guide groove, or chain saws off. When necessary to tighten the saw chain. Cooling shrinkage, saw chain. It is time to loosen the saw chain, otherwise it will damage the crankshaft and bearing. Chainsaw use not ignore details Chain saw in the use of the process, there are several details of the operation required the user to pay special attention to. First, start the chain saw, someone will start the rope to the end. When starting up starting handle gently by hand, until the stop position, and then quickly pull down at the same time, before the pressure handle. Technical staff said, should not be the starting rope pulled completely to the end, otherwise it may be broken. In everyday usage, users often do not pay attention to the details, in the course of time, the starting rope easily damaged. Also note, don't let the starting handle is free to recoil, should slow to import it back into the shell, so that the starting rope can be well rolled up. Secondly, the engine with a maximum throttle long time operation, need to have their idle for a period of time, so that the flow of cooling air, released most of the heat engine. It can avoid the installed on the engine components ( ignition device, the carburetor ) thermal overload.

Again, if the engine power was significantly decreased, may be caused by the air filter dirt. Remove the carburetor air filter box cover, remove, clear the dirt around the filter, and the filter in the two part, with the palm down net filter, or by compressed air blown clean from the inside to the outside. If the filter is dirt stick, need to filter on special cleaner or clean, non flammable cleaning fluid ( such as warm soapy water wash and dry ). Do not use the brush to clean wool quality filter.