Chapter 1 : I.

THE CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY -The nineteenth century was an era of challenges and responses. - It was a period of major changes w/c affected men and society The Six Important Changes (1) The struggle for nationalism (2) The gradual spread of democracy. (3) The modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution (4) The advance of science. (5) The march of imperialism. (6) The new current in the movement of thought and growing confidence on progress. A. Nations Struggle for Nationalism - Nationalism is a feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions, culture, and common ideals or goals. - When people became aware of this nationalism they : (1) Become willing to serve this group, their nation (2) Become patriotic (3) Develop pride in their country -:This is the Main Reason why Rizal would encourage studies about the Philippines.. B. Men Fight for Democracy - Otto Von Bismarck who adopted a policy of Blood and Iron Germany was united in 1871. - Simoun de Bolivar (the liberator), freed NS America, now Venezuela,Colombia,Bolivia & part of Peru. - Jose San Martin freed SS America, now Argentina ,Chile and part Peru. In the Phil. It began to be felt after the unjust execution of GOMBURZA on Feb. 17,1872

- Nationalism and democracy were political ideals of the nineteenth century. - A cabinet system was adopted under w/c the ministers were made responsible to the House of Commons and not to the king or House of Lords.(England) - -the referendum w/c allows a bill passed by the legislature to be presented to the people for approval & the initiative - In the Phil. it was even slower. Rizal led the crusade for this by working for the rights of man and wrote. C. The Effects of the Industrial Revolution Are Multifarious - This led to a series of changes in industry, two of which were the shift from hand work to machine work, from the domestic system to the factory system. -Coal, iron and steel became basic materials of industry. The telephone, telegraph, wireless telegraphy, cable, postal service and newspapers revolutionized communication. -Invention of machines resulted in the establishment of factories, two social classes arose, the capitalists and the laborers.

- Literally, the term means let well enough alone or hands off. It is a policy that prevented the government from interfering in private trade or industry except to protect the nation from foreign aggression. D. Responses to the growing Social Problems are created by the Industrial Revolution - The liberals adopted the laissez-faire policy. To stimulate the growth of factories. - 3 of the earliest Socialist were , claude Henri, Francois Fourier & Robert Owen. -Karl Marx, co-author of the Communist Manifesto advocated revolutionary communism. Christian Principles announced by Pope Leo XIII in Rerum Novarum (the conditions of Labor): E. Science Becomes the Servant of Man - Science became the concern of most (1) Rights must be religiously respected (2) It is the duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury. (3) The poor and the helpless have a claim to a special consideration. (4) The state has the right to regulate the use of private property and to protect it. (5) The preservation of life is the bounden duty of each & all members of society. (6) The state has the duty to provide favorable working conditions. (7) The workers have the right to form unions.

- Secrets were discovered primarily discovered by the use of systematized experimentation. -Chemistry made great advances through the works of John Dalton who formed the atomic theory,Marie Curie ,a Pole discovered the important element radium. - Most exciting work of nature was Medicine by Louis Pasteur. -Robert Koch , discovered the germ that caused anthrax &developed a method of inoculation to prevent it. -Dr. Joseph Lister an English surgeon, introduced antiseptic, which prevents infection. -Dr. William Morton,was 1st to use ether to ease pain of tooth extraction in 1846. -Dr. James Simpson used chloroform in 1847. F. Modern Imperialism Starts a process of Historic Change - Imperialism is the activity of the nation in extending its control & authority beyond its territorial boundaries through the acquisition of new territories. -The policy of divide and rule adopted for the colonies is believed to have held back progress by promoting disunity. G. Growing Confidence on Progress Inspires Optimism. -Education for nationalism was stressed to teach the people of a nation its own glory and achievements. -Writers wrote about the conditions they saw and experienced,this literary tendency was called realism. -Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were realistic novels because they picture Philippine life and culture during Rizals time -A feeling of nationalism was shown by composers in using folk songs and national themes. -One of the significant contributions of the nineteenth century was the individual citizen entered the century a weak man before the law and government he left it with the convictionthat government exist for the welfare of all citizen; we call this idea individualism . -Individualism was the corner stone of nineteenth century. Chapter II II POLICIES AND EVENTS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY SPAIN AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PHILIPPINES

A. Spain Faces The Struggles for liberalism. -Spain was influenced by the ideals of both the French Revolution and the American Revolution. -The political problems two sides, the liberals( want to limit absolutism so that the people may enjoy their constitutional and human right) who were the constitutionalists & the conservatives(wanted the retention of the monarchy) who were the reactionaries, fought bitterly. -The liberals republic was ruled four eminent Spanish,Republicans, Estanislao Figueras,Francisco Pi y Margal, Nicolas Salmeron, & Emilio Castelar. -The bourbon dynasty was restored and Alfonso XII ruled from 1875 to 1885. Spain was peaceful during his reign. - The most outstanding problem during Regency (Queen Maria Cristina ,A.XII widowed mother) was in relation to the implementation of the various constitutional laws. B. The Phil. is Affected by the Political Instability in Spain

-The common political dictum that to the victors belong the spoils of office was shown in the frequent changes of governor-generals. - The frequent changes prevented the formulation and execution of sound policies of administration. - The choice of officials was just weak , many of them were not prepared to govern the country, Rizal lamented the existence of such practice. He strongly believed that a colonizing country ought to send to the colonies men who could give glory and luster to her.

C.The Phil. is affected by the Union of the Church & the State

- the union of the church and state is the cardinal policy in Spain. - The Gov. Gen(represented the king of Spain) was the head of the central government who exercises great powers.

-The Captain General( he assumed the kings ecclesiastical authority over the offices and missions) commanded the armed forces , his judicial power include dispensation of justice. - The Archbishop exercised religious, judicial and political functions; the propagation of the Catholic Faith was his important religious Function. His judicial function included cases on the violation of the Canon Law. -The church complained to the King about the harsh treatment given to the people by the civil officials, The GOV.-GEN. complained on the interference of the ecclesiastical officials in the civil and internal affairs of the government. - Filipinos felt that the friars wielded too much power in the government w/c should not be so. - The separation of church and the state was one of the reforms asked to Spain later.

D. Phil. Representation in the Spanish Cortes is Justifiable

- January 22, 1809 it decreed that Spanish Colonies should have national and direct participation in ancient legislature, the Cortes . It was reestablish by a decree issued in May 1809. -Phil. was represented in the body in 1810-1813, 1820-1823 & 1834-1837. - In 1836 Queen Maria Cristina, complying with popular clamor for a constitutional government, called a constituent Cortes to draft a new constitution. It approved the constitution of 1837 w/c established parliamentary government. Since there was no need for colonial support at the time the right to representation was conveniently removed. - Phil. representation no matter how brief and irrespective of its nature was a memorable event in the Filipinos struggle for the recognition and respect for human rights. E. Racial Discrimination is Offensive to the Filipinos - A general belief in Europe was that the white man was superior to one who has black or brown skin, this led to racism. The Spaniards called the natives Indios. -The Filipinos could not understand why the Spaniards who introduced Christianity with the beautiful ideal of brotherhood considered them inferior on account on the color of the skin. F. Denial of Human Rights Spurs the Filipinos to Fight for them - Individuals Human rights are the attributes of his human person. -During the nineteenth century the Spaniards struggled hard to secure respect and recognition of their human rights. The Filipinos could not understand why the Spaniards who fought for the sacred rights of men would deny them the same rights. -Sinibaldo de Mas, a Spanish economist and diplomat, sympathize with the Filipinos and expressed what they felt.

-Rizal voiced the respect and recognition of human rights as essential in promoting harmony among people. His observations and experiences prodded the Filipinos to work for the recognition of these rights. G. The Spirit of Reform in Spain, Influences Phil. Progress. -The policy known as MERCANTILISM believed that the strength of a nation depended upon the possession of a large stock of precious metals. - Followed by another policy known as LAISSEZ-FAIRE, it gives the individual the right to full and free range of economic activity. -Manila to world trade, opening to the ports of Sual, Iloilo & Zamboanga in 1855, Cebu in 1860, & Legazpi & tacloban in 1873. -Economic progress,followed the opening of the ports and the admission of foreign firms. - Another policy adopted by Spain was the improvement of education. On Dec. 30 1863, the Minister of Colonies, Jose de la Concha, promulgated the educational system & a normal school for men. -Gov. Carlos De la Torre (18691871), the Filipinos enjoyed certain liberal concessions. -1844; abolition of tobacco monopoly, tribute and substitution of CEDULA & only lawyers were appointed to the position of ALCALDES MAYOR; who ceased both judicial and executive official. -Spanish Penal Code at the Phil. in 1887;Code of Commerce in 1888;Civil Code in 1889. - The Maura Law of 1893 was instituted to reform the municipal government. Its provisions were not enforced, however , because of the outbreak of the Phil. Revolution in August, 1896.