Metal Matrix Composites

Edited by

J.N. Fridlyander
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

CHAPMAN & HALL

London . Glasgow. Weinheim New York Tokyo. Melbourne. Madras

Soviet Advanced Composites Technology Series

Series editors: J. N. Fridlyander, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia I. H. Marshall, University of Paisley, Paisley, UK This series forms a unique record of research, development and application of composite materials and components in the former Soviet Union. The material presented in -each volume, much of it previously unpublished and classified until recently, gives the reader a detailed insight into the theory and methodology employed and the results achieved by the Soviet Unions top scientists and engineers in relation to this versatile class of materials. Titles in the series 1. Composite Manufacturing Technology Editors: A. G. Bratukhin and V. S. Bogolyubov 2. Ceramic- and Carbon-matrix Composites Editor: V. I. Trefilov 3. Metal Matrix Composites Editor: J. N. Fridlyander 4. Polymer Matrix Composites Editor: R. E. Shalin 5. Fibre Science and Technology Editor: V. I. Kostikov 6. Composite Materials in Aerospace Design Editors: G. I. Zagainov and G. E. Lozino-Lozinski

Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 SHN, UK Chapman & Hall. 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN. UK Blackie Academic & Professional, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2N2, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3.69469 Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, One Penn USA Plaza. 41st Floor, New York NY 10119,

Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan. Kyowa Building, 3F, 2-2-l Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne. Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT 600 035, Inc First edition 1995 0 1995 Chapman& Hall Typeset in Palatino 10/12pt by The Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd. Printed in Great Britain by me University Press, Cambridge ISBN 0 412 58260 0 East, Madras

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Contents
Contributors Preface 1 Physio-chemical fundamentals of metal matrix composites A.A. Zabolotsky 1.1 Formation of metal matrix composite structure and properties during the production process 1.2 Principles of metal matrix composite development and optimization 1.3 Conclusions References 2 Basic components used in the production of metal composites S.E. Salibekov 2.1 Fibrous reinforcing agents 2.2 Dispersed strengtheners 2.3 Matrix alloys References 3 Metal matrix composite fabrication methods V.M. Tchubarov, A.A. Zabolotsky and G.A. Krivov 3.1 Solid-phase fabrication methods W.M. Tchubarov) 3.2 Liquid-phase fabrication methods (A.A. Zabolotsky) 3.3 Moulding of structural components from metal composite materials (G.A. Krivov) Notation References 4 Composites of the aiuminium-boron system S.E. Salibekov 4.1 General 4.2 Boron-aluminium production procedure ix xi 1 3 34 46 47 51 51 55 59 60 61 61 75 129 190 193 196 196 196

vi

Con tents
4.3 Strength under static load 4.4 Strength at elevated temperature 200 201 202 204 208 211

4.5 Impact strength

4.6 Strength under cyclic load 4.7 Employment of boron-aluminium References

5 Composites of the magnesium-boron system V.F. Strogunovu 5.1 Obtaining magnesium-boron composite materials by

212 213 228 239 243 243

solid-phase combination
5.2 Obtaining magnesium-boron composite materials by liquid-phase combination 5.3 Corrosion resistance of magnesium-boron composite materials Notation References

6 Composite materials of the aluminium-carbon system V.I. Kostikov, V.C. Kilin and A.A. Zabolotsky 6.1 Composite materials based on an aluminium matrix reinforced with carbon fibers (V.I. Kostikov and V.C. Kilin) 6.2 Aluminium-carbon system composites (A.A. Zabolotsky) Notation

245 245 342 387 389

References

7 Composites of the aluminium-steel system j.N. Fridlyander and AS. Bubenshchikov

3% 396 398 399 401 426 427 432 434 437 438 438

7.1 Selection of fibres

7.2 Selection of matrix 7.3 Manufacturing techniques

7.4 Kinetics of formation and growth of intermetallic

7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 compounds on phase boundaries Properties Manufacturing of CAS-type material Properties of structural elements Thermal effects on interaction Summary Notation

References

Contents
8 Composite materials of ahuninium-silicon carbide system AN. Gribkov

vii 440 440 441 445 448 455 472 481 485

8.1 General 8.2 Analysis of composition and morphology of reinforcing fillers and admixture phases 8.3 Chemical properties of reinforcing fillers 8.4 Purification of reinforcing fillers of admixture phases 8.5 Obtaining composite materials by infiltration under pressure 8.6 Obtaining materials by methods of powder metallurgy 8.7 Prospective uses of Al-Sic composite materials References

9 Laminated fibrous metal-polymer composites G.P. Mashinskaya, G.F. Zhelezina and O.G. Senatorova

487 487 493 515 534 541 546 560 565 567 568

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Components of laminated fibrous metal-polymer composites 9.3 Properties and specific features of laminated-fibrous metal-polymer composites under static loading 9.4 Specific features of fatigue fracture of laminated fibrous metal-polymer composites 9.5 Damping properties of laminated fibrous metal-polymer composites 9.6 Production of parts and structures from laminated fibrous metal-polymer composites 9.7 Resistance of aluminium-organic plastic composites to environmental and corrosive effects 9.8 Conclusions Notation References

10 Mechanical testing of composite materials

571 575 584 587 588 594 599

S.1. Kishkina
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Tension testing Compression testing Shear testing Crack-resistance testing Fatigue testing Notation

... Vlll

Con tents 601 602 603 611 617 619 624 633 642 642 645 647 648 650 651 652 654 655 657 659

11 Theoretical and experimental research into the strength and deformation of fibrous metal composite materials S.P. Polovnikov and A.P. Marushin 11.1 Materials investigated 11.2 Stretching in the reinforcement direction 11.3 Compression in the reinforcement direction 11.4 Compression perpendicular to the reinforcement 11.5 Three-point bending 11.6 Cyclic tension in the reinforcement direction 11.7 Deformation and destruction of orthogonally reinforced metal composite materials under tensile stress Notation References 12 Structural micromechanics of elasto-plastic deformation of composites V.V. Rybin and A.A. Zisman 12.1 Induced defects on interfaces 12.2 Stress fields of reinforcing fibres 12.3 Disinclination formation on edges of faceted reinforcing particles or fibres 12.4 Residual stresses elastically heterogeneous plastically deformed materials 12.5 Resistance to deformation 12.6 Specific energy of internal stresses as damaging factor 12.7 Structural levels References Index

Contributors

A.S. Bubenshchikov J.N. Fridlyander A.N. Gribkov V.C. Kilin S.I. Kishkina V.I. Kostikov G.A. Krivov A.P. Marushin G.P. Mashinskaya S.P. Polovnikov V.V. Rybin S.E. Salibekov O.G. Senatorova V.F. Stroganova V.M. Tchubarov A.A. Zabolotsky G.F. Zhelezina A.A. Zisman

Preface

The problem of developing metal matrix (MCM) and metal-polymer (MKM) composite materials is one of the most important in presentday materials technology, for its solution is pivotal to the development of a number of leading technologies. The development of new fibrous and lamellar composite materials with improved physico-chemical, electrical, thermal and other properties is a springboard for qualitative scientific and technological advances not only in aerospace and shipbuilding technologies, but also in mechanical, power, electronic, electrical, radio engineering, transport, construction and other industries. The volume reviews the results of research programmes a c complished in recent years by Soviet scientists in the development of composite materials based on aluminium and magnesium matrices, polymatrix composites (composite materials) with metal and polymeric matrices reinforced with boron and carbon fibres, steel wire, fibre glass and other fillers. The volume also reviews present-day physico-chemical fundamentals and basic principles for developing and optimizing metal matrix composites, and describes the most expedient and efficient methods of MCM and MPCM manufacturing. Special attention is devoted to the issue of manufacturing MCM structural members, and their machining and plastic working, as well as to coupling techniques. Alongside information about such widely known and relatively well-studied MCM as aluminium-boron, this volume describes Soviet research findings on such materials as aluminium-carbon and aluminium-steel.