CPAAustraliaInternationalForumforAcademics Melbourne,28June2012

BusinessEnvironment intheAsiaPacific
SimonMarginson CentrefortheStudyofHigherEducation UniversityofMelbourne

Amorepluralhighereducationworld
1. Globaloverview 2. Dynamismintheregion 3. HowthePostConfucianModel(PCM) ofhighereducationworks 4. Predictions

0.33%ofworldpopulation 1.16%ofworldGDPPPP 2.4%ofworldsciencepapers 3.8%of2011Shanghaiworldtop 500universities 5.3%of2011TimesHigherworld top400universities 2.8%of500universitieswith largestscientificoutput200509, Leidenranking 2.0%of250universitieswith highestproportionofpapersin top10%intheirfield,Leiden 3.4%oftop500universitiesin webometricsranking

Australia

Globalmiddleclassto2030(millions)
Source:EuropeanUnionInstituteforStrategicStudies

MiddleclassisdefinedaspersonslivingonUSD$10100perdayPPP

Asianmiddleclassto2030(millions)
Source:EuropeanUnionInstituteforStrategicStudies

MiddleclassisdefinedaspersonslivingonUSD$10100perdayPPP

GrossTertiaryEnrolmentRatio,2010
UNESCOInstituteforStatistics&TaiwanMinistryofEducation

Scienceresearchpapersperyear,1995 2009:Totalworldoutput
USNationalScienceFoundationdata

Sciencepapersperyear,19952009 USA,EU,Asia,LatinAmerica
USNationalScienceFoundationdata

Growthofsciencepapers,19952009
(1995=1.00)
USNationalScienceFoundation

Researchpapers:Growth1995to2009
USNationalScienceFoundation

Researchpapersperyear,19952009 China,Japan,India&Korea
USNationalScienceFoundationdata

Researchpapersperyear,19952009 Korea,Taiwan,Singapore,Thailand
USNationalScienceFoundationdata

Amorepluralhighereducationworld
1. Globaloverview 2. Dynamismintheregion 3. HowthePostConfucianModel(PCM) ofhighereducationworks 4. Predictions

R&Dinvestmentbyworldregion2009
Region InvestmentinR&D (USNationalScienceFoundationdata)
$433billion(33.9%ofworldtotal) $402 billion(31.5%) $319 billion(25.0%) $35 billion(2.7%) $32billion (2.5%) $22billion(1.8%)

NorthAmerica East,SE&SouthAsia Europe MiddleEast&Africa South&CentralAmerica Australia&Pacific

R&DasaproportionofGDP,2008/9
USNationalScienceFoundation

Sciencepapersinglobaljournals, East,SEandSouthAsia,2009
USNationalScienceFoundation

Sciencepapersinglobaljournals, smallerAsianresearchsystems,2009
USNationalScienceFoundation

ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityranking
NobelPrizesandFieldMedalswonbyalumni(slidingscale, morerecentprizesscorehigher) NobelPrizesandFieldwonbycurrentmembersof academicstaff MembersofacademicstaffwhoareHiCiresearchers,in top250inworldfieldbycitations NumberofpaperspublishedinNature andScience in previousfiveyears PapersindexedinSciencecitationindexandSocialScience citationindexinpreviousyear Percapitaindicator:aboveindicatorsdividedbynumberof fulltimeequivalentacademicstaff

10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10%

ShanghaiJiaoTongtop200,2011

EastAsiainShanghaiJTUtop200,2011
Category EastAsianuniversities

1100eq.

JAPAN5(Tokyo21,Kyoto27,Osaka84,Nagoya 94,Tohuku97) JAPAN2(Hokkaido,TokyoIT) SINGAPORE1(NationalUSingapore) SOUTHKOREA1(SeoulNational) TAIWAN1(NationalTaiwan) JAPAN2(Kyushu,Tsukuba) CHINA1(Tsinghua) HONGKONGSAR1(ChineseUofHongKong)

102150

151200

ShanghaiJTUtop500universities Chinesesystems2005&2011
2005 Chinamainland HongKongSAR TaiwanChina Total 2011

8 5 5 18

23 5 7 35

ShanghaiJTUtop500universities Japan,Korea,Singapore2005&2011
2005 Japan Korea Singapore 2011

34 8 2

23 11 2

SJTUtop100schools,allnations,2011
PHYSICALSCI ENGINEERING LIFESCI MEDICINE SOCIALSCI TOTAL

UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Canada Germany Netherlands Japan Australia France Switzerland Sweden Israel China Belgium Denmark HongKongSAR Taiwan Singapore SouthKorea others

52 8 2 8 2 7 1 6 3 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

46 6 4 1 3 5 5 1 2 3 2 6 2 1 4 3 2 2 1

57 10 4 7 4 3 4 1 3 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1

54 11 5 5 4 2 3 3 2 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 3

71 8 8 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1

280 43 23 21 18 17 14 11 11 9 8 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 7

Asiainwebometricsranking,2012
University NationalTaiwanU U Tokyo National ChengKungU NationalChiao Tung U KyotoU NationalUofSingapore Tsinghua U PekingU HongKongPolytechnicU NationalTsing Hua U NationalCentralU UHongKong SeoulNationalU ShanghaiJiaoTongU TAIWAN JAPAN TAIWAN TAIWAN JAPAN SINGAPORE CHINA CHINA HONGKONGSAR TAIWAN TAIWAN HONGKONGSAR SOUTHKOREA CHINA worldrank 42 46 63 72 77 84 87 92 106 113 125 127 136 139

DoesnotincludeMiddleEast.HighestisTelAvivU,Israel,at133

LargeAsiaPacificresearchuniversities
University/nation Numberofscience papers20052009 (LeidenCWTSdata) 18,382 14,941 13,052 13,037 12,266 11,838 11,736 11,478 11,302 10,683
10,155 9724

Proportion(%)of papersintop10%in fieldbycitation 10.2 9.5 8.9 9.2 8.1 13.8 7.9 10.8 8.9 8.2
10.1 11.9

UTokyoJAPAN KyotoUJAPAN SeoulNationalUSOUTHKOREA ZhejiangUCHINA OsakaUJAPAN NationalUSingaporeSINGAPORE TohukuUJAPAN TsinghuaUCHINA NationalTaiwanUTAIWAN ShanghaiJiaoTongUCHINA
Sydney Melbourne

HighcitationAsiaPacificuniversities
University/nation Numberofscience papers20052009 (LeidenCWTSdata) 3568 3264 11,838 4211 6789 5551 3903 3531 9724 9088 6820 5319 Proportion(%)of papersintop10%in fieldbycitation 14.9 14.1 13.8 13.4 13.0 12.9 12.7 11.9 11.9 11.8 11.5 11.4

HongKongUSTHONGKONGSAR PohangUSOUTHKOREA NationalUSingaporeSINGAPORE NankaiUCHINA UScience&TechnologyCHINA ANUAUSTRALIA CityUHongKongHONGKONGSAR LanzhouUCHINA UMelbourneAUSTRALIA UQueenslandAUSTRALIA UHongKongHONGKONGSAR KoreaAdvancedIS&TSOUTHKOREA

Researchuniversitiesbyworldregion
Region Numberofuniversitiesproducingover5000science papers20052009andwithover10%ofpapersintop onetenthintheirfieldoncitationrate(Leiden UniversityCWTS)

UnitedStates 64 West.Europe 47 Asia 12

China6,HongKongSAR2,Singapore2,Japan1,Korea1 (butnotethatthereare38AsiaPacificuniversitieswith atleast5000papersinthe20052009period)

RapidimprovementinChinaandAsia8
Shareofworldstop1%mostcitedpapers, Chemistry,2000&2010
USNationalScienceFoundation shareoftop1% papersin Chemistry

USA

China

Japan

Asia8

2000 2010

48.6% 34.2%

0.6% 10.6%

9.3% 6.7%

1.5% 6.0%

Amorepluralhighereducationworld
1. Globaloverview 2. Dynamismintheregion 3. HowthePostConfucianModel(PCM) ofhighereducationworks 4. Predictions

ThePostConfucianModelof highereducationachieves
1. Rapidgrowthofparticipation,tendingtowards universallevels,partlyfinancedbyhouseholds 2. Rapidexpansionofresearchscience 3. Creationoflayerofworldclassuniversities allwithintheframeworkoflowtaxpolities

Conditionsanddriversofthe PostConfucianModel
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ThecomprehensiveSinicstate Confuciantraditionineducation Economicgrowthandrisingmiddleclass Modernizationimperative Internationalizationstrategy

EastAsian(Qin)state,3rd CenturyBCE

Politicsalwaysincommand
ThedevelopmentofthepoliticalsphereintheChineseworld anditspreeminenceoveralltheother(military,religious, economic)isoneofitsmostcharacteristicmarksThisis certainlyoneoftheconstantsandoneofthegreatoriginal aspectsoftheChineseworld,onethatdistinguishesitfromall others.
JacquesGernet(1982),AHistoryofChineseCivilization,2nd Edition,Transl.J.R.Fosterand CharlesHartman,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,pp.2829

CentralityofthestateinEastAsia
IntheEastAsianculturalcontext,governmentleadershipis deemedindispensableforasmoothfunctioningofthe domesticmarketeconomyandvitalforenhancingnational comparativeadvantageininternationalcompetition.The centralgovernmentisexpectedtohaveaholisticvisionofthe wellbeingofthenationandalongtermplantohelppeople maintainanadequatelivelihood....Stronggovernmentwith moralauthority,asortofritualizedsymbolicpowerfully acceptedbytheoverwhelmingmajority,isacclaimedasa blessing. TuWeiMing(ed.)(1996),Introduction,inConfucianTraditionsinEastAsianModernity:
MoraleducationandeconomiccultureinJapanandthefourminidragons,Harvard UniversityPress,Cambridge,MA,p.7

GDPinEastAsia&Singapore2010
USD$sbillion,IMFdata2012,GDPPurchasingPowerParity(PPP)

GrossNationalIncomeperhead2010
WorldBank,CIAFactBookforTaiwandataonly

Country/system Singapore HongKongSAR MacauSAR(GNI2009) Taiwan(population2012) Japan SouthKorea China (mainlandonly) Vietnam India

Population (millions) 5.1 7.1 0.5 23.2 127.5 48.7 1338.3 86.2 1224.6

GNIPPPperyear (USD$s) 55,790 47,480 45,220 35,700 34,640 29,010 7640 3070 3550

ToptenschoolsystemsOECDPISA2009
(meanstudentscores,PostConfucianeducationsystemsinred) Reading ShanghaiChina556 SouthKorea539 Finland536 HongKong533 Singapore526 Canada524 NewZealand521 Japan 520 Australia 515 Netherlands508
UKequal25th 424 USAequal15th 500

Mathematics ShanghaiChina 600 Singapore562 HongKong555 SouthKorea546 TaiwanChina543 Finland541 Liechtenstein536 Switzerland534 Japan529 Canada527
Australia 15th 514 UK28th 492 USAequal31st 487

Science ShanghaiChina575 Finland554 HongKong549 Singapore542 Japan539 SouthKorea538 NewZealand532 Canada529 Estonia528 Australia527
UK16th 514 USA23rd 502

Usinginternationalizationstrategies: ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity
SJTUrealizesthatitmustreviewtheuniversitys performanceinaglobaldimension;allaspectsofuniversity performanceinSJTUsuchasfacultyquality,research excellence,andtalentcultivationshouldbeevaluatedand comparedbyinternationalstandards.Thisbenchmarking approachorganizestheoverallgoaloftheuniversityinto specificperformanceindicatorsand,ultimately,enablesthe universitytodefineitscurrentposition,tohavecleargoals anddirectionforfuturedevelopment,andtodesignmeasures accordingly.
QingHuiWang,QiWangandNianCaiLiu,BuildingworldclassuniversitiesinChina: ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity, inAltbachandSalmi(2011),p.43

Amorepluralhighereducationworld
1. Globaloverview 2. Dynamismintheregion 3. HowthePostConfucianModel(PCM) ofhighereducationworks 4. Predictions

Foreigntertiarystudentsin2008: OECDdataonworldmarketshares

Countrieswith1000+sciencepapersp.a.
USNationalScienceFoundationdatafor2009
ANGLO SPHERE Australia Canada N.Zealand UK USA Austria Belgium CzechRep. Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland EUROPE EUNATIONS Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Rumania Slovakia Sweden Spain Sweden EUROPE NONEU Croatia Norway Russia Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine ASIA China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Singapore SouthKorea Taiwan Thailand M.EAST/AF Egypt Iran Israel Sth.Africa Tunisia LATIN AMERICA Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico

Wewillneedto
UseourAsianpopulationsasabridge(18%of MelbournenowhasAsianancestry) FocusonbuildingdeeppartnershipsinEastAsia Upgradeourresearchtobeafuturefrontlineplayer inAsiaPacifichighereducation AttractmorehighcalibreAsianstudents,especially doctoralstudents StrengthenthePGstageofcoursework BecomemorebilingualandgettoknowAsian societiesmuchbetter

DeniseBradley,chairof2008 reviewofhighereducation,with (now)PrimeMinisterGillard: recommendedbroaderapproach tointernationalization

JaneLomaxSmith,chairofthe 2011BaseFundingReview: recommendedincreaseinfunding ofteachingofdomesticstudents tounderpinamoreinternationally effectivehighereducationsystem

Ken Henry, Former Secretary to the Treasury, Chair of the Australia in the Asian Century Taskforce

http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff_pages/Marginson/Marginson.html

Cambridge UP, Cambridge, May 2010

Springer, Dordrecht, September 2011

Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, September 2011

Routledge, New York, August 2011