COHERENT DETECTION

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BY, IRENE MARY ZACHARIAH MTECH, WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Contents

Coherence Intensity modulation BER Direct Detection Coherent Detection

Coherence

It is the property of waves that enables stationary interference. When interfering, two waves can add together to create a larger wave (constructive interference) or subtract from each other to create a smaller wave (destructive interference), depending on their relative phase.

Intensity modulation
In optical communications, intensity modulation (IM) is a form

of modulation in which the optical power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating signal (amplitude, frequency or phase).

BER(Bit Error Rate)

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.

Direct Detection
The direct detection of an intensity modulated optical carrier is

basically a photon counting process, where each detected photon is converted into an electron-hole pair.
This scheme pays no attention to the frequency or phase of the

optical carrier.

Cont.

The photo detector transforms optical power to original electrical signal.

IM\DD system is simple and cost effective but has limited sensitivity.

Coherent Detection

Coherent detection, also referred to as coherent demodulation, is a technique of phase locking to the carrier wave to improve detection. Key principle is to provide gain to the incoming optical signal by combing it with locally generated CW optical field. The electric field of the transmitted optical signal Es = As cos [st + s (t)]

As -= Amplitude of optical signal field s = Optical signal carrier frequency

Cont.

The electric field of the transmitted optical signal Es = As cos [st + s (t)] As -= Amplitude of optical signal field s = Optical signal carrier frequency s = Phase of the optical signal

Cont
One of the three modulation techniques can be implemented:
1.

Amplitude shift keying(ASK)or On-Off keying(OOK) Frequency shift keying(FSK) Phase shift keying(PSK)

2.

3.

Cont.

For direct detection system, IDD = Es Es* = As2 The mixing of the information- bearing and local oscillator signals is done on the surface of the photodetector. ELO = ALO cos[ LO t + LO (t)] Icoh (t) = (Es + ELO)2

Improvements in receiver sensitivity together with wavelength selectivity , may be obtained using the well known coherent detection techniques [homodyne and heterodyne detection] for the optical signal. Ideal coherent receiver operating in 1.3 to 1.6m wavelength requires signal energy- 10 to 20 photons/bit -BER= 10 -19

Benefits of coherent detection

High speed systems operating at longer wavelength Improvement in receiver sensitivity upto 20dB Increased repeater spacing of the order of 100kms at a wavelength of 1.5m