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Endocrine System
of nutrients Reproduction Growth and development Adapting to change in internal and external environments
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Adrenal glands Ovaries Testes
Closely connected Work together to regulate body function Main connecting link is the hypothalamus responds to nervous system stimulation by producing hormones Hypothalamus will initiate the hormone response
Hormone Pharmacokinetics
Water soluble hormones, protein-derived hormones have a short duration of action and are inactivated by enzymes in liver and kidneys. Lipid soluble hormones and thyroid hormones have a longer duration because they are bound to plasma protein they are broken down in the liver and excreted in bile or urine.
Hormones types
blood.
Hormone Disorders
Abnormal secretion and function of hormones can impair physical and mental health. Malfunction of endocrine organ
Hypersecretion
Hypothalamus
Interacts with the pituitary gland to control most metabolic functions of the body. Controls secretions of the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system, because it controls the functions of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that affects the pituitary gland) by nerve fibers.
Pharmacologic applications of drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are:
replacement
hormone Adrenal cortex ACTH glucocorticoids TSH thyroid stimulating hormone FSH follicle stimulating hormone ovary estrogen and progesterone LH - luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation Prolactin breast tissue milk production Testosterone testes
FSH, LH
Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin): primary hormone responsible for regulating body growth, and is important in metabolism Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone & growth of thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex & promotes growth of adrenal cortex
Females: stimulates growth & development of ovarian follicles, promotes secretion of estrogen by ovaries. Males: required for sperm production
Females: responsible for ovulation, formation of corpus luteum in the ovary, and regulation of ovarian secretion of female sex hormones.
Males: stimulates cell in the testes to secrete testosterone Females: stimulates breast development and milk production. Males: involved in testicular function
Prolactin:
Hypothalamic stimulationfrom CNS Pituitary stimulationfrom hypothalamic trophic Hs Endocrine gland stimulationfrom pituitary trophic Hs
primary hormone responsible for regulating body growth Increases plasma free fatty acids (FFA) - source of energy for muscle tissue Increases hepatic glucose output Decreases insulin sensitivity in muscle Is protein anabolic hormone
Posterior Pituitary
Comprised of the endings of axons from cell bodies in the hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular) Axons pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamohypophysial tract Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus are transported down the axons to the endings in the posterior pituitary Hormones are stored in vesicles in the posterior pituitary until release into the circulation
ADH antidiuretic hormone kidney regulates water balance Oxytocin uterus and breast labor and breast feeding
Oxytocin
Is synthesized as the precursor hormone: prepro-oxyphysin Acts primarily on the mammary gland and uterus
Oxytocin
Clinical uses: After delivery of infant and placenta in obstetrics. In small dosages to stimulate or induce labor in a pregnant woman Oxytocin (Pitocin) given IV after delivery to help the uterus to contract.
Plasma osmolality is monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus Increases in plasma osmolality stimulates secretion of vasopressin Small changes above the normal plasma osmotic pressure (285 mosm/kg) stimulate release of vasopressin
Vasopressin (ADH)
Is also known as antiduretic hormone (ADH) Participates in body water regulation (Water is lost from lungs, sweat, feces and urine on a daily basis)
Decreases Pain,
Vasopressin Activity
Decreases water excretion by kidneys (V2 receptors) Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors)arteriolar smooth muscle Increases adrenocorticortropin hormone (V1B receptors) secretion from the anterior pituitary
Remember the pituitary gland directs function of the antidiuretic hormone in the kidneys which has to do with normal fluid balance.
Clinical Diagnosis: diabetes insipidus characterized by high output of dilute urine can be idiopathic (do not know the cause) can occur after head trauma, with tumor of hypothalamus or posterior pituitary Importance of intake and output and specific gravity
Synthesized in the brain (what part?), released from posterior pituitary. Stim by hypo-osmotic neurons in response to incr osmolarity of blood or decr blood vol., and by pain, some drugs, low bp. Action: increases permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to water Result: - increased water reabsorption from urine - decreased urine volume - decreased osmolality of interstitial fluids - increased blood pressure
Response to osmolality of interstitial fluid: - Osmoreceptors in the brain detect changes in osmolality of the interstitial fluid or blood. - Increased osmolality results in increased [solutes] ADH release - increased water reabsorption - decreased osmolality of fluids - Decreased osmolality results in decreased ADH release = NEGATIVE FEEDBACK! - decreased water reabsorption - increased osmolality of fluids
Response to changes in blood pressure: - Blood pressure receptors in heart, aortic arch, and carotid artery - Increased blood pressure results in decreased ADH release - decreased water reabsorption - decreased blood volume, blood pressure - Decreased blood pressure results in increased ADH release - increased water reabsorption - increased blood volume, pressure
Nursing Considerations
Observe for headache, nasal congestion, nausea Monitor blood pressure drug may cause increase in blood pressure Most serious side effect is water retention and hyponatremia