Presentation Overview

Motor
Introduction Construction Working Selection of motors Types Applications

Introduction

Electric motor is a device that uses up electric input to make mechanical output by the virtue of magnetic field.

Basic Structure
Stator
Remains static during motor operation. Provides support to the rotor Provides magnetic field either by P.M. or by coil
ROTOR

SHAFT

STATOR

Basic Structure
Rotor
Rotates during motor operation. Provides rotation, power and torque to shaft
ROTOR

SHAFT

Shaft
Mechanical output is taken by it
STATOR

Motor Parts
Stator Assembly

Back & Front Support

Cooling Fan

Rotor Assembly Bearings

Through Bolts & nuts

Principal of Operation
An electric current in a magnetic field produces a force F= I L X B . . . (1)

Principal of Operation
If the current carrying wire is bent into a loop then the two sides of the loop (perpendicular to the magnetic field) will experience forces in opposite direction

Principal of Operation
The pair of forces create a turning influence or torque to rotate the coil

Principal of Operation
Practical Motors have several loops on an armature to provide a more uniform torque Electromagnets produce magnetic field and are called field coils

Principal of Operation
Equation (1) shows following requirements
Conductor Electric Potential for current Magnetic field

F= I L x B

Simplest Motor ( you can make in your home)

Coil / Conductor

Battery

Magnet

Support

Selecting a Motor
Motors are selected depending on
Cost Efficiency Torque-speed profile Peak torque capability Current limitations Suitability for hazardous environment Availability of spare parts

Steps of Selecting a Motor

Select a power source you are having
AC power supply
Single phase Three phase

DC power supply

Select a functionality required

Speed (in comparison with other motors)
High Low Medium

Steps of Selecting a Motor

Efficiency
Maximum Moderate Not important

Speed control
Variable speed Constant speed

Starting
High or low torque

Stopping

Steps of Selecting a Motor

Determine
Load to be handled Load variation during operation Torque requirement
At the start Load for working

Speed requirement at the load Plot the required motor torque versus speed Provide a factor of safety where the environment or service condition is not well defined

Steps of Selecting a Motor

Have a view of the working environment
Temperature Presence of the corrosive or explosive atmosphere Exposure to weather or water Availability of cooling air ( for the long working period of motors)

Working time
Continuous working Discontinuous working

Steps of Selecting a Motor

Search for a motor approving the minimum requirements but with acceptable
Size Weight Cost

Load
The horsepower required to drive a machine is typically referred to as load. The motor drives a load which has a certain characteristics torque-speed requirement. In general,

where, k may be an integer of a fraction.

Types of Motors
Following are some types of Motors: AC Motors DC Motors Modified from Basic AC DC Motors
Torque Motors Servomotors Stepper Motors Brushless Motors Linear Motors

Introduction
Motor that uses AC power input to give mechanical output Two main categories of AC motors Asynchronous synchronous motors

Synchronous Motors
Size
Sub fractional (1-40 mhp) Large horsepower (1 hp or >)

Main features
Constant-speed electric motors Operates with a DC rotor current The rotor follows the rotating magnetic field at the synchronous speed.

Synchronous Motors
Types
Nonexcited Direct-current excited

Merits
Can be used primarily where precise constant speed is required Highly efficient means of converting AC energy to mechanical power. Can operate at leading or unity power factor

Synchronous Motors
Selected for
Constant speed requirement Gearing required to deliver speeds that are significantly less than 1200 r.p.m. Handled by flywheels Available access to AC power both
Single phase Three phase

Induction Motors
Typical features
Basically an AC transformer with a rotating secondary Also called squirrel cage motor No. of poles 2-12 Rotor currents are induced by transformer action. The motor runs at less than the synchronous speed

Stepper Motor
Typical features
Works in steps Rotates on receiving a pulse Rotates in certain degree of steps 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.5 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 90 In between pulses the motor doesn't work Unable to handle large inertial loads

Stepper Motor
Types
Permanent magnet type Reluctance type

Merits
Precise control rotations

Selected for
Low cost, open-loop positioning Feedback sensors required to monitor position if max torque not exceeded Good accuracy over long motions Reasonably high torques at low speeds Energy efficiency not important

Introduction
Motor that uses DC input for the Mechanical output Winding on rotor

Selection Criteria for DC motors

Construction Working Working torque and speed Size, weight, and cost Material selection Motor winding
Winding selection

Designing with computers

Working

Working

Working

Working

Working

DC MOTOR Types
Shunt-wound Motor Series-wound Motor Compound wound Motor Permanent Magnet Motor

DC MOTOR Types (Shunt wound)

Field coils in parallel with armature coils Merits
Lower speed/load sensitivity

Demerits
Poor characteristics for overload torque

DC MOTOR Types (Series-wound Motor)

Field coils in series with armature coils Merits
High starting torque capacity Speed is very load sensitive (limits acceleration in sys)

Demerits
Speed can run-away under no-load condition

DC Motor Types (Compound Wound)

Field and armature coils connected in combination of series and parallel Compromise between series and parallel Merits
Will not run-away under no-load Good starting capabilities

Demerits
More expensive

DC Motor Types (PM)

Stationary field from permanent magnets Merits Smaller size Easier to manufacture than other DC motors Good starting torque Demerits Speed is load sensitive Expensive to produce Can't reliably control at lowest speeds Physically larger High maintenance

Size
Smallest motor in the world

Material selection

Why to choose DC Motors ?

Adjustable speed Changeable direction of rotation Automatic speed control Acceleration & Deceleration controllable Torque controllable Dynamic braking High torque speed ratio

Some Applications
Electric Propulsion Pumps, fans, compressors Plant automation Flexible manufacturing systems Spindles and servos Appliances and power tools Cement kilns Paper and pulp mills; textile mills Automotive applications Conveyors, elevators, escalators, lifts