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EP 301 Computer Networking Fundamentals

Shazul Afizi Bin Zulkiflee 14DTK10F1004

HUB
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are

commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets. A passive hub serves simply as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another. So-called intelligent hubs include additional features that enables an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure each port in the hub. Intelligent hubs are also called manageable hubs.

Switch
A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking

device that connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3) and above are often referred to as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches. Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.

Repeater and Bridge


Repeater
Repeaters regenerate incoming electrical, wireless or optical

signals. With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the signal degrades. Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity and extend the distance over which data can safely travel.

Bridge
A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges

reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments. Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges inspect incoming traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for example, inspects each incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and destination MAC addresses, and sometimes the frame size - in making individual forwarding decisions. Bridges serve a similar function as switches, that also operate at Layer 2. Traditional bridges, though, support one network boundary, whereas switches usually offer four or more hardware ports. Switches are sometimes called "multi-port bridges" for this reason.

Difference Hub and Switch


Hub A hub is the simplest of these devices. Any data packet coming from one port is sent to all other ports. It is then up to the receiving computer to decide if the packet is for it. Imagine packets going through a hub as messages going into a mailing list. The mail is sent out to everyone and it is up to the receiving party to decide if it is of interest.The biggest problem with hubs is their simplicity. Since every packet is sent out to every computer on the network, there is a lot of wasted transmission. This means that the network can easily become bogged down.Hubs are typically used on small networks where the amount of data going across the network is never very high.

Switch
A switch steps up on a bridge in that it has multiple ports.

When a packet comes through a switch it is read to determine which computer to send the data to.This leads to increased efficiency in that packets are not going to computers that do not require them.Now the email analogy has multiple people able to send email to multiple users. The switch can decide where to send the mail based on the address.Most large networks use switches rather than hubs to connect computers within the same subnet.

Difference Repeater and Bridge


Repeater
Forwards every frame it receives

it is a generator,not an amplifier(i.e it removes noise & regenerates signal ) Bi-directional in nature Useful in increasing ethernet size/length Maximum of 5 Repeaters in an Ethernet.

Bridge
Connect similar/dissimilar LANS

Designed to store and forward frame Protocol independent Transparent to End Stations Operates in Layer-1 & Layer-2 uses a table for filtering/routing does not change the Mac address in the frame two types of bridges are there Transparent/source routine.

15 Networking Devices
Router

Hub

a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which it can forward a data packet towards the destination of the packet. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. Works on OSI layer 3.

connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single segment. When using a hub, every attached all the objects, compared to switches, which provide a dedicated connection between individual nodes. Works on OSI layer 1.

Bridge

Switch
a device that allocates traffic

a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI layer 2.

from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network.

Repeater

Multilayer switch

device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while sending them from one part of a network into another.

a switch which, in addition to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers.

Protocol Router

Bridge Router (B router)

a hardware device that converts between two different types of transmissions, such as asynchronous and synchronous
transmissions

CombineS router and bridge functionality and are therefore working on OSI layers 2 and 3.

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

Integrated Access Device

(DSLAM, often pronounced deeslam) allows telephone lines to make faster connections to the Internet. It is a network device, located in the telephone exchanges of the internet service providers, that connects multiple customer Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) to a high-speed Internet backbone line using multiplexing techniques

a customer premise device that provides access to wide area networks and the Internet. Specifically, it aggregates multiple channels of information including voice and data across a single shared access link to a carrier or service provider PoP (Point of Presence). The access link may be a T1 line, a DSL connection, a cable (CATV) network, a broadband wireless link, or a metro-Ethernet connection.communications forbidden by the network policy

Network Address Translator

Multiplexer

network service provide as hardware or software that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa

device that combines several electrical signals into a single signal

Network Card

Modem
device that modulates an

a piece of computer hardware to allow the attached computer to communicate by network

analog "carrier" signal (such as sound), to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information, as a computer communicating with another computer over the telephone network

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