A Brief History of Music (in Europe and Africa and The U.S.

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Impossible, you say?

Yes, its impossible to cover music history for three continents in one class. Still, an attempt at an overview will hopefully set the stage for more in depth discussion and analysis later in the course. The main thing to remember is that all of American music is a result of the culture clash between Europeans and Africans, with some other ethnicities sprinkled around. Furthermore, the notion that any music is pure is ridiculous. Except for Justin Biebers music; I think its pure baloney..

Europe
European Music Ancient Music Medieval Music Renaissance Baroque Classical Romantic Impressionist/20th Century Folk Music

Africa
African West African Drumming Vocals Guitar/Banjo/Kalimba Slavery

USA
Work Songs Blues Ragtime Minstrelsy Jazz R and B Rock And Roll Funk Soul Motown Hip Hop Country Todays Music?

Ancient Music
We can speak about music before recorded history-which is obviously prehistoric music. Obviously, there are no recordings, because all of early mans cassette got lost when he got kicked out of his one bedroom cave for being late with the rent. Musical archeologists imagine that much of prehistoric music used the voice and primitive drums, and imitated animal sounds,or was part of rituals, or used by shamans. Some say origins of music come from motherese, communication between mother and child. We can look to Native American music or Aboriginal music for a glimpse into prehistoric music. Besides the voice, body percussion, and primitive drums, flutes have been discovered which are believed to be 43,000 years old. One of them still had a price tag attached to it.

Native American Music

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKz w8Mc&feature=related

Ancient Greek Music

Ancient music refers to the various musical systems that were developed across various geographical regions such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, India, China, Greece and Rome. Ancient music is designated by the characterization of the basic audible tones and scales. It may have been transmitted through oral or written systems.

 The earliest notated music, which used a diatonic scale and had harmonies in thirds, was found in Mesopotamia, in the Sumerian city of Nippur. This discovery was dated 2000 BCE. There are texts from Ugarit showing some of the oldest written music dating from 1400 BC. There is a complete treatise on the performing arts from India dating between 200 BC and 200 AD. The earliest known instrument in China , the Guqin, was found and dated from 3000 years ago.

 Ancient Greek musicians developed their own robust system of musical notation. The system was not widely used among Greek musicians, but nonetheless a modest corpus of notated music remains from Ancient Greece and Rome. The epics of Homer were originally sung with instrumental accompaniment, but no notated melodies from Homer are known. Several complete songs exist in ancient Greek musical notation. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.

Example
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrh DHw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVr bE&feature=related

 Music was essential to the pattern and texture of Greek life, as it was an important feature of religious festivals, marriage and funeral rites, and banquet gatherings. Our knowledge of ancient Greek music comes from actual fragments of musical scores, literary references, and the remains of musical instruments. Although extant musical scores are rare, incomplete, and of relatively late date, abundant literary references shed light on the practice of music, its social functions, and its perceived aesthetic qualities. Likewise, inscriptions provide information about the economics and institutional organization of professional musicians, recording such things as prizes awarded and fees paid for services. The archaeological record attests to monuments erected in honor of accomplished musicians and to splendid roofed concert halls. In Athens during the second half of the fifth century B.C., the Odeion (roofed concert hall) of Perikles was erected on the south slope of the Athenian akropolisphysical testimony to the importance of music in Athenian culture.

 n addition to the physical remains of musical instruments in a number of archaeological contexts, depictions of musicians and musical events in vase painting and sculpture provide valuable information about the kinds of instruments that were preferred and how they were actually played. Although the ancient Greeks were familiar with many kinds of instruments, three in particular were favored for composition and performance: the kithara, a plucked string instrument; the lyre, also a string instrument; and the aulos, a double-reed instrument. Most Greek men trained to play an instrument competently, and to sing and perform choral dances. Instrumental music or the singing of a hymn regularly accompanied everyday activities and formal acts of worship. Shepherds piped to their flocks, oarsmen and infantry kept time to music, and women made music at home. The art of singing to one's own stringed accompaniment was highly developed. Greek philosophers saw a relationship between music and mathematics, envisioning music as a paradigm of harmonious order reflecting the cosmos and the human soul.

Jazz musicians use the greek modes

In the theory of Western music, mode (from Latin modus, "measure, standard, manner, way, size, limit of quantity, method") (Powers 2001, Introduction; OED) generally refers to a type of scale, coupled with a set of characteristic melodic behaviours. This usage, still the most common in recent years, reflects a tradition dating to the Middle Ages, itself inspired by the theory of ancient Greek music

Modes
The Greek scales were Mixolydian: hypate hypatonparamese (bb) Lydian: parhypate hypatontrite diezeugmenon (cc) Phrygian: lichanos hypatonparanete diezeugmenon (dd) Dorian: hypate mesonnete diezeugmenon (ee) Hypolydian: parhypate mesontrite hyperbolaion (ff) Hypophrygian: lichanos mesonparanete hyperbolaion (gg) Common, Locrian, or Hypodorian: mesenete hyperbolaion or proslambnomenosmese (aa or aa) These names are derived from Ancient Greek subgroups (Dorians), one small region in central Greece (Locris), and certain neighboring (non-Greek) peoples from Asia Minor (Lydia, Phrygia).

Plato thought..
..playing music in a particular harmonia would incline one towards specific behaviors associated with it, and suggested that soldiers should listen to music in Dorian or Phrygian harmoniai to help make them stronger, but avoid music in Lydian, Mixolydian or Ionian harmoniai, for fear of being softened. Plato believed that a change in the musical modes of the state would cause a widescale social revolution.

Medieval Music
Much of Medieval music also used modes. Much of medieval life in Europe revolved around the church. Mediaeval music is Western music written during the Middle Ages. This era begins with the fall of the Roman Empire and ends sometime in the early fifteenth century. Establishing the end of the mediaeval era and the beginning of the Renaissance is difficult.

 Mediaeval music was both sacred and secular. During the earlier mediaeval period, the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic. Polyphonic genres began to develop during the high mediaeval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century. The development of such forms is often associated with the Ars nova. Of greater sophistication was the motet, which developed from the clausula genre of mediaeval plainchant and would become the most popular form of mediaeval polyphony. While early motets were liturgical or sacred, by the end of the thirteenth century the genre had expanded to include secular topics, such as courtly love.

Examples
Gregorian Chant Ars Nova Motet

Renaissance
Renaissance music is music written in Europe during the Renaissance. Consensus among music historians with notable dissent has been to start the era around 1400, with the end of the medieval era, and close it around 1600, with the beginning of the Baroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissance about a hundred years after the beginning of the Renaissance as understood in other disciplines. As in the other arts, the music of the period was significantly influenced by the developments which define the Early Modern period: the rise of humanistic thought; the recovery of the literary and artistic heritage of ancient Greece and Rome; increased innovation and discovery; the growth of commercial enterprise; the rise of a bourgeois class; and the Protestant Reformation. From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular the polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish school.

The main characteristics of Renaissance music are: Music based on modes. Richer texture in four or more parts. Blending rather than contrasting strands in the musical texture. Harmony with a greater concern with the flow and progression of chords. Polyphony is one of the notable changes that mark the Renaissance from the Middle Ages musically. Its use encouraged the use of larger ensembles and demanded sets of instruments that would blend together across the whole vocal range.

Common sacred genres were the mass, the motet, the madrigale spirituale, and the laude
Music by William Byrd Music by Josquin De Pres

Baroque: 1600 to 1750

I hope you have heard of J.S. Bach, and you might have heard of Handel. Other names you might have could be Vivaldi and Pachelbel. The Baroque Era was named for its ornate and heavily ornamented style, but we remember it for its incredible counterpoint, move towards a codified Western Harmony and for an increase in instrumental virtuosity.

Examples
J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto Number 2 Handel: Music For The Royal Fireworks -Winter from the Four Seasons

Classical(1750 to 1820, sometimes called the Viennese School)

OK, I hope you have heard of W.A. Mozart, Josef Haydn, and L.V. Beethoven. If not, youve been living under a rock. The Classical era gave rise to the Sonata Form, the Symphony, and a less ornate, more melodic focus. Opera flourished, and counterpoint became less important. We can start to think more in chords, or melody with accompaniment.

Examples
Mozart Piano Conerto in C Haydn Symphony 94 Beethoven's 5th

Classical Music
Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic melody above chordal accompaniment (but counterpoint is by no means forgotten, especially later in the period). Variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before. Variety of keys, melodies, rhythms and dynamics (using crescendo, diminuendo and sforzando), along with frequent changes of mood and timbre were more commonplace in the Classical period than they had been in the Baroque. Melodies tended to be shorter than those of Baroque music, with clear-cut phrases and clearly marked cadences. The Orchestra increased in size and range; the harpsichord continuo fell out of use, and the woodwind became a self-contained section. As a solo instrument, the harpsichord was replaced by the piano (or fortepiano). Early piano music was light in texture, often with Alberti bass accompaniment, but it later became richer, more sonorous and more powerful. Importance was given to instrumental musicthe main kinds were sonata, trio, string quartet, symphony, concerto, serenade and divertimento. Sonata form developed and became the most important form. It was used to build up the first movement of most large-scale works, but also other movements and single pieces (such as overtures).

Romantic(1815-1910)
Beethoven is credited as starting it all. Romanticism in Germany was an artistic and literary movement. Romantic music attempted to increase emotional expression and power to describe deeper truths or human feelings, while preserving but in many cases extending the formal structures from the classical period, in others, creating new forms that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter. The subject matter in the new music was now not only purely abstract, but also frequently drawn from other art-form sources such as literature, or history (historical figures) or nature itself.

Romantic Examples
Chopin Nocturne Op. 9 No. 2 Richard Strauss : Don Quixote Mahler: Symphony No 5 in C sharp minor

Impressionist/20th Century
If you have heard of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, you have heard Impressionist music. Much like the impressionist paintings of the same era(late 1800s France), there is a lot of color; harmonically, the function doesnt matter as much as the sound. This idea was continued by 20th century composer Igor Stravinsky, probably the most important modern composer you have heard of.

Examples
Claude Debussy-Claire De Lune Maurice Ravel-Pavane for Dead Princess Igor Stravinky-The Rite Of Spring

Folk Music
Most European Classical music courses will not deal with any European Folk music. Maybe because its not as well documented, or maybe because its so far reaching as to warrant a separate course altogether. Although when speaking of Beethoven as part of European Music, we must remember that Europe is a continent of HUGE cultural differences. Spaniards are almost nothing like Scandinavians. Greeks are completely different from the Dutch. Especially if you ask them! But some of this music came to the new world, and we should try to see how it became a part of jazz.

The Polka
The polka is a Central European dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia. Polka is still a popular genre of folk music in many European countries and is performed by folk artists in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Slovakia. Local varieties of this dance are also found in the Nordic countries, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Latin America (especially Mexico), and in the United States. Beer Barrel Polka

Irish Jig
the Jig (Irish: port) is a form of lively folk dance in compound meter, as well as the accompanying dance tune. It developed in 16th century England, and was quickly adopted on the Continent where it eventually became the final movement of the mature Baroque dance suite (the French gigue; Italian and Spanish giga).[1] Today it is most associated with Irish dance music and Scottish country dance music Irish Gig

Habanera
Its origins dated back to the European contredanse, which was an internationally popular form of music and dance of the late 18th century. It was brought to Santiago de Cuba by French colonists fleeing the Haitian Revolution in the 1790s. Contradanse

West African Music

We focus on West African for the obvious reason that West Africans were the people who were imported to the Americas by the slave trade. Northern African and East African music is another issue. Certainly, Arabic music is very distinctive. Lets look at the salient characteristics of West African music

Elements of African Music

It is my opinion that, while the development of jazz and much of what we consider American music has European and other elements, the striking infusion of African musical elements by slaves is the most important distinction of the American musical landscape. Without that, there would be no blues, no jazz, no rock and roll, no R&B, and no Hip Hop. What we call Latin and Brazillian would not exist as we know it. Perhaps even what we call Country music would be drastically different in an alternate universe where African slaves were never brought to the States.

Examples of traditional African music

African Music Example 1 African Music Example 2 African Music Example 3 African Music Example 4 African Music Example 5 African Music Example 6 African Music Example 7 African Music Example 8

Salient Characteristics of African Music

Ostinato Poly Rhythms Body Percussion/Dance Lyrics used to tell stories Unique form of Polyphony Repetition Call And Response

 Relationship to dance The treatment of "music" and "dance" as separate art forms is a European idea. In many African languages there is no concept corresponding exactly to these terms. For example, in many Bantu languages, there is one concept that might be translated as 'song' and another that covers both the semantic fields of the European concepts of "music" and "dance." So there is one word for both music and dance (the exact meaning of the concepts may differ from culture to culture). For example, in Kiswahili, the word "ngoma" may be translated as "drum," "dance," "dance event," "dance celebration," or "music," depending on the context. Each of these translations is incomplete. The classification of the phenomena of this area of culture into "music" and "dance" is foreign to many African cultures. Therefore, African music and African dance must be viewed in very close connection.

 Akwaaba Excerpt

Guitar/Banjo/Kalimba
Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides. The term is used to refer to a number of related instruments that were developed and used across Europe beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the AmericasThese instruments are descended from ones that existed in ancient central Asia and India. For this reason guitars are distantly related to modern instruments from these regions, including the tanbur, the setar, and the sitar. The oldest known iconographic representation of an instrument displaying the essential features of a guitar is a 3,300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AioSO9aj0T0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moxrydy8jGk&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRwXVNt0i3k&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0

African roots of the blues

African American work songs were an important precursor to the modern blues; these included the songs sung by laborers like stevedores and roustabouts, and the field hollers and "shouts" of slaves.

 There are few characteristics common to all blues, as the genre takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance. Some characteristics, however, were present prior to the creation of the modern blues, and are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call-andresponse style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".

Alan Lomax recordings

Alan Lomax (January 31, 1915 July 19, 2002) was an American folklorist and ethnomusicologist. He was one of the great field collectors of folk music of the 20th century, recording thousands of songs in the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, the Caribbean, Italy, and Spain.In his later career, Lomax advanced his theories of Cantometrics, the sampling and statistical analysis of folk music, with the help of collaborators Victor Grauer and Roswell Rudd.

Work Songs
Work Song 1 Work Song 2 Work Song 3 Work Song 4

Blues
Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre[1] that originated in African-American communities of primarily the "Deep South" of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.

 The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll is characterized by specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues chord progression is the most common. The blue notes that, for expressive purposes are sung or played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major scale, are also an important part of the sound.

 The blues genre is based on the blues form but possesses other characteristics such as specific lyrics, bass lines and instruments. Blues can be subdivided into several subgenres ranging from country to urban blues that were more or less popular during different periods of the 20th century. Best known are the Delta, Piedmont, Jump and Chicago blues styles. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called bluesrock evolved.

Important Early Blues Artists

Son House(1902-1988) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jN5vqEyV7g Robert Johnson(1911-1938) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk &feature=related Leadbelly(Huddie Ledbetter)(1888-1949) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJs

 Charley Patton(1837-1934) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhL s&feature=fvst Blind Lemon Jefferson(1893-1929) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3ydc91ww8 Big Bill Broonzy(1893-1958) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLA

Excerpt from Ken Burns 1

Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 23:30-31:26

Spirituals
Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are religious (generally Christian) songs which were created by enslaved African people in America.

 Although numerous rhythmical and sonic elements of Negro spirituals can be traced to African sources, Negro spirituals are a musical form that is indigenous and specific to the religious experience in the United States of Africans and their descendants. They are a result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with music and religion of European origin. Further, this interaction occurred only in the United States. Africans who converted to Christianity in other parts of the world, even in the Caribbean and Latin America, did not evolve this form.

 Slaves were de-africanized Secret religious Services-Ring Shouts The Ringshout and The Birth of African American Religion

Famous Negro Spirituals

Sometimes I feel Like a Motherless Child http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KM Wade In The Water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature= related Michael Row The Boat Ashore http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0 Joshua Fit The Battle Of Jericho http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQ Go Down Moses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rE

Interesting
There is also a duality in the lyrics of spirituals. They communicated many Christian ideals while also communicating the hardship that was a result of being an African-American slave. The spiritual was often directly tied to the composer's life. It was a way of sharing religious, emotional, and physical experience through song.

Amazing Grace
Amazing Wintley Phipps.....

Minstrel Songs
Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 15:22-21:14

 The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface.

Scott Joplin(ca. 1867 April 1, 1917)

 Scott Joplin (ca. 1867 April 1, 1917) was an American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions, and was later dubbed "The King of Ragtime". During his brief career, Joplin wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first pieces, the Maple Leaf Rag, became ragtime's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the archetypal rag.

Maple Leaf Rag-Scott Joplin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_ -rc

 Ragtime (alternatively spelled rag-time) is an original musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged," rhythmIt began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. It was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the "Maple Leaf Rag" and a string of ragtime hits that followed, although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, the "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

Minstrel Songs
Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 15:22-21:14

 The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface.

 Minstrel shows lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious,[happy-go-lucky, and musical. The minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in the next decade. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience.

Jazz
Jazz would not exist without blues, spirituals, minstrelsey, ragtime, and the blend of African and European music. New Orleans jazz is the beginning. The next unit goes into more specific subgenres. From swing to bebop to cool jazz to hard bop, free jazz to fusion to now, jazz is in some ways distinctive and yet also hard to pinpoint.

Jazz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKXsnDvILmI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900 &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5 o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBI

R and B
Where would American music be without Rhythm and Blues. Its original form has more of a obvious relationship to jazz. It has changed a lot over the years. Now its hard to tell the difference between R&B and hip hop. We can also link Soul and Motown to R&B. Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B and RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.

The term has subsequently had a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s, the term rhythm and blues was frequently applied to blues records.[3] Starting in the mid-1950s, after this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll, the term "R&B" became used to refer to music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music. By the 1970s, rhythm and blues was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a newer style of R&B developed, becoming known as "Contemporary R&B".

R&B examples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2 w&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16 mg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGk M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUgsmsvSYow http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZ c

Rock And Roll

Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music. Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in country records of the 1930s, and in blues records from the 1920s, rock and roll did not acquire its name until the 1950s. The term "rock and roll" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary[8] and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopdia Britannica, on the other hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock music. In the earliest rock and roll styles of the late 1940s and early 1950s, either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, the latter almost always provided by a snare drum. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit.

 Rock and roll began achieving wide popularity in the 1960s. The massive popularity and eventual worldwide view of rock and roll gave it a widespread social impact. Bobby Gillespie writes that "When Chuck Berry sang 'Hail, hail, rock and roll, deliver me from the days of old', that's exactly what the music was doing. Chuck Berry started the global psychic jailbreak that is rock'n'roll. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. It went on to spawn various sub-genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply "rock music" or "rock".

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peifZLxlUcI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQ o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdrw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTE w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCD s

Funk
Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid-late 1960s when African American musicians blended soul music, jazz and R&B into a rhythmic, danceable new form of music. Funk de-emphasizes melody and harmony and brings a strong rhythmic groove of electric bass and drums to the foreground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord, distinguishing it from R&B and soul songs, which are centered on chord progressions. Like much African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a complex groove with rhythm instruments such as electric guitar, electric bass, Hammond organ, and drums playing interlocking rhythms. Funk bands sometimes have a horn section of several saxophones, trumpets, and in some cases, a trombone, which plays rhythmic "hits". Many of the most famous bands in the genre also played disco and soul extensively. Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music and drum and bass. It is also the main influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk.

Funk Examples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjzpdONOdo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSy D2mw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAF imU

Hip Hop
Hip hop is a subculture that originated in African-American communities during the 1970s in New York City, specifically within the BronxWhile the term is often used to refer to hip hop music, in its broader sense hip hop culture is characterized by the four elements of rapping, DJing, hip hop dance and graffiti The origins of the subculture stems from the block parties of DJ Kool Herc at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, where Herc would mix samples of existing records with his own shouts to the crowd and dancers. Kool Herc is credited as the 'father' of the art form. DJ Afrika Bambaataa of the hip-hop collective Zulu Nation outlined the four pillars of hip hop culture: MCing, DJing, B-boying and graffiti writing. Since its emergence in the South Bronx, hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world

From Rap To Hip Hop

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1iDkMbJzG4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PaoLy7PHwk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ttTJuWDqJo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3GYbqEULk4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0g

Country
Country music is genre of American popular music that originated in the agrarian regions of the Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from southeastern American folk music, Western cowboy. Blues mode has been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjoes, electric and acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas. The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. In 2009 Country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute.

According to Bill Malone in Country Music U.S.A, country music was introduced to the world as a southern phenomenon.In the South, folk music was a combination of cultural strains, combining musical traditions of a variety of ethnic groups in the region. For example, some instrumental pieces from British and Irish immigrants were the basis of folk songs and ballads that form what is now known as old time music, from which country music descended. It is commonly thought that British and Irish folk music heavily influenced the development of old time music in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, where the earliest European settlers hailed principally from Northern England, the Scottish Lowlands and Ulster. Country music is often erroneously thought of as solely the creation of European Americans. However, a great deal of styleand of course, the banjo, a major instrument in most early American folk songscame from African Americans. One of the reasons country music was created by African Americans, as well as European Americans, is because blacks and whites in rural communities in the south often worked and played together, just as recollected by DeFord Baileyin the PBS documentary, DeFord Bailey: A Legend Lost. Influential black guitarist Arnold Schultz, known as the primary source for thumb style, or Travis picking, played with white musicians in West-central Kentucky

Travis picking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3 HT9oA

Country examples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbmQQ4RfzVE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&fe ature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no8HDEzE3Co http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWsuVuw5JO4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAFmFsb9XM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXsM1l2wZ8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGM

Discussion Question
Does it seem like many of the genres other than jazz have become more commercial in recent years? You could say that fusion and smooth jazz were commercial, but many jazz fans dont even consider those sub genres to be valid. Yet Hip Hop, Rock, Country, and R and B have all become very predictable; at least ,the artists who we are aware of. Is one of the problems with jazz and its survival is that its really hard to commercially package music which is creative at its very core?