5.

10 FIBRE OPTIC

WHAT IS FIBRE OPTIC

Flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica). It functions as light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. It is an opto-electronic component (sensitive to infrared, ultra violet that convert to electrical signal) Use in medical, telecomunication and aviation field.

ADVANTAGE
Larger data carry up to 3300MHz Low loss of signal Smaller diameter, lighter-weight cables Cross talk negligible no effect to other cable(signal) Immunity to electromagnet interference Greater security immune to wiretapping Greater safety free from spark Low cost material sand Long life span double from conventional cable Greater reliability resistance to corrotion and temp

DISADVANTAGE
Installation cost high Fragile than wire Required special equipment for testing Required special skill and equipment to splicing it

OPERATION
Transmitter (Light Source) Optical Coupling
Receiver (Light Detector)

Transmitters:

Light-emitting diodes (LED's) and Injected Lasers Convert electrical signal to optical signal. To send the optical signal over an optical fibre
Photodiodes and Phototransistors. To convert optical signal back to an electrical signal

Receivers:

Optical Coupling: Opto-isolators and Optical fibres

LIGHT
Light wave more shorter than electromagnetic wave (radio/radar). Velocity 3x108m/s, change depend on medium. Propogation of light :
Reflection Refraction Dispersion

REFLECTION
The light reflect back with same angle if surface is smooth

The light diffuse reflection if surface is irregular/rough

REFRACTION
Bending of light when passes through other medium

Air Diamond Ethyl Alcohol Fused Quartz Glass Optical Fibre Water

100 242 136 146 155 - 19 15 133

Index of refraction

DISPERSION
Seperation of white light to the various color. Different color have a different wavelength, different velocity and different index of refraction.

CABLE STRUCTURE
High strength and tension resistance Typically cable made in length of 1-3 km without splices.

Core - glass, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylic. Cladding - glass, silicon or Teflon.

TYPE OF CABLE
Wide graded index multimode optical fibre

Single mode step index optical fibre

Large-core plastic-clad silica optical fibre

HOW IT WORK
Single Mode

Multimode

ACCEPTANCE ZONE

NUMERICAL APERTURE
Its a colecting power of an optical fibre Its value from 0 to 1, Larger NA mean the greater amount light accepted by fibre. NA is function of refractive index of the fibre. Define as NA = sinA

PULSE SPREADING
The amount of acceptance signal have a limited frequency due to the pulse(light) is being dispers inside the cable. Dispersion tend to slow down the speed of the light. Two form of dispersion :
Chromatic disepersion : Different speed due to color Modal dispersion : Zigzag ray reach the end of cable later than straight ray

Total Dispersion = Chromatic + Modal

CONSEQUENCES
The fastest the pulse travel, the worse spreading its get. Need to limit the frequency of the signal travel

ATTENUATION
Reduction of signal strength due to : 1. Atomic Absorption : Atom of material absorb some of the light 2. Scatering by Flaw and Impurities : Depend on size of scatering particle inside the cable 3. Reflection by Splices and Conector : Some light are reflected back even for perfect splice or conector.

JOINING OPTICAL FIBRE

Fusion Splicing
Allign manually using micromanipulators and microscope system. End of fibre are melt together using electric arc. Near perfect splice can lose as low 0.2dB

Mechanical Splicing
Two fibre end held together in splice equipment which automatically allign the two fibre. Clamp it and expose to ultra-violet light to cures the cement

SPLICING ERROR
The end of fibre must be precisely line each other to enable light pass from one fibre to another. Typicall allignment error :

FIBRE OPTIC CONNECTOR

2 Type Conector A and B, both have : - Allignment key and grooves - Guide pin and cavities - Color bands - Three start threads
A type : - 3 or 5 optical fibre - Multichannel - very low loss
B type : - For LRU - Multichannel - For more frequent conection and disconection

FIBRE OPTIC IN AIRCRAFT

Advantage on aircraft :
Can carry more data Less weight Immune to electromagnetic radiation

Purpose:
Network system: (OLAN),(AVLAN),(CABLAN)

AIRCRAFT NETWORK SYSTEM

Flight attendent

Keep sales data Enable and disable passenger functions Control the distribution of video entertainment Select boarding music
Video and menu screen Games Inflight sales catalogue Instruction for telephone call Ground to airplane telephone pages Special video channel selection

Passenger

ONBOARD LAN

CABIN LAN