APA Style (American Psychological

Association)

(compiled by Yek Siew King) OUM PPT SIBU

Basic Rules: References

List in ABC (alphabetical) order by authors last name. If no author, use article/book title, and alphabetize the main title (if the title starts with A, An, or The, ignore it.)

Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.

Format each entry with a hanging indent.

Do not put quotes ( ) for titles of articles.

Example: References

Last-name, First-Initial.Middle-Initial. (when published). Article Title. Book Title. Where published:by publisher.

Smith, J. (1990). Can apes go to Gallaudet? Washington, DC: Gallaudet Press.

Smith, J. (1990). Can apes go to Gallaudet? Gallaudet Today, 3. 25-29.

Sample book citation

Buglear, J. (2000). Stats to go: A guide to statistics for hospitality, leisure and tourism. Oxford, England: ButterworthHeinemann.

Sample book citations

Powers, T. Marketing hospitality (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Carmouche, R., & Kelly, N. (1995). Behavioural studies in hospitality management. London: Chapman & Hall.

Book Excerpt
Author, A. (year). Title of chapter, article or excerpt. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Publishers location: Publishers name.

Book Excerpt Sample

Daft, R. (1985). Why I recommended that your manuscript be rejected and what you can do about it. In L. Cummings & P. Frost (Eds.), Publishing in the organizational sciences (pp. 193-210). Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Reference List: Online Publication

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

Online Publication Sample

Prabhu, S. (1996). Challenges for hospitality and tourism operators: A North American perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(7), 52-62. Retrieved March 4, 2002 from http://cherubino.emeraldinsight.com/vl=152 43752/cl=44/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/cw/mcb/ 09596119/v8n7/s6/p52

Periodical:Non-English Title
Author, A. (year). Original title [English title in brackets]. Title of Periodical, xx(xx), xxx-xxx.

Periodical: Magazine
Time, Newsweek, Architectural Digest, etc.
Author, A., (year, month and date). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume, Pages. If no author, begin with article title, then date, then magazine title, etc.

Example: References
Sample APA Research Paper 8

References Begley, S. (1998, January). Aping language. Newsweek, 131. 56-58. Monkeying with language: Is chimp using words? (1990, October 29). The Washington Post. A3. Patterson, F. & Linden E. (1981). The education of Koko. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston. Winston, J.G. (1995, June 6). Chimp Talk Debate: Is it really language? Santa Fe, NM: Santa Fe Institute. Retrieved July 9, 2001, from http://www.santafe.edu/~winstonjg/articles/chimp.html

Basic Rules: Format

At least 1 margins all around Double space throughout (always)

Do not right/full justify your text

Each page must have header and page

number

Use separate title page

In-Text Citations

Author(s) and year only Full citation in Reference List Parentheses & punctuation

In a recent study of reaction times (Jones, 2000) compared Jones (2002) compared reaction times

2 Authors: In-Text citation

Jones and Bones (1997) studied In a recent study (Jones & Bones, 1997) concluded

3-5 Authors: In-Text citation

Smith, Jones, Brown, Green and Gray (1994) proved Smith, et al. (1994) proved

Must distinguish between first cite and subsequent cites in the text

It has been proved (Smith, et al., 1994)

Use of et al., in parentheses

Several authors, same ( ): InText

(Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993) (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; & Smith, 2002) (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b; & Singh, 1983, in press) * 6 or more authors, use first author with et al. for all in-text cites, not just the first

Group Author: In-Text

(Pacific Asia Travel Association, 1999) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1987)

(NIMH, 1987)

Direct quote in text

Jones (2001, p. 64) predicted that profits will decrease for the next five years.

Must use quotation marks and page number.

No author: In-Text

Use the first few words from the title and add the date, quotes in ( )

Actual title: New hotel college for UNLV next year. (2002). Cite in text as: (New Hotel College, 2002)

Personal communication: InText

T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)

Examples: letters, e-mail, interviews, phone calls, conversations Do not add personal communications to Reference List

Sample APA Research Paper 1 Running Head: SAMPLE APA RESEARCH PAPER

Sample APA Research Paper: Tutoring College Students with AD(H)D Jane D. Smith Gallaudet University

Sample APA Research Paper 2

Sample APA Research Paper: Tutoring College Students with AD(H)D We have all heard of the schoolboy who doesnt know how to stay in his seat at school; instead he climbs furniture and makes noise during study time. We have also all known a schoolgirl who looks out the window quietly daydreaming instead of paying attention to the teacher. We now know that the hyperactive boy has a neurological disorder called attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). (Hallowell & Ratey, 1994; Lathma, 2000). Experts recently have agreed that the daydreaming girl also has AD(H)D sometimes called attention deficit disorder (ADD) because it occurs without hyperactivity. (Hallowell & Ratey, 1994). But what happens when the child with AD(H)D grows up? How can tutors work with college students who have AD(H)D? What is AD(H)D? College tutors need to understand what AD(H)D is before learning how to accommodate this condition. The three most important symptoms of AD(H)D are inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. (DSM-IV, 1994; Hallowell & Ratey, 1994; Latham, 2000). The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health (DSM-IV) explains that simply having these symptoms is not enough to diagnose AD(H)D because everyone sometimes has the same symptoms. These symptoms must be persistent and they must be more frequent and severe than they are for other people at about the same level of development. (DSM-IV, 1994, p.78). It is possible to diagnose AD(H)D later in life, but only if symptoms began before age 7. (DSM-IV, 1994, p.78). Also symptoms should cause problems in two or more

Basic Rules: In-text Citation

Credit must be given! (regardless of direct quote or paraphrasing.) Cite authors last name, year, and page number published in parenthesis ( ) immediately after the quote/paraphrase, separated by comma. (Note: page number not required for paraphrasing.) If your quote is 40 or more words, indent 10 spaces on a new separate line for the quote. At the end, cite accordingly, without the period.

Sample APA Research Paper 3

Can Apes Create Sentences? The early ape language studies offered little proof that apes could combine symbols into grammatically ordered sentences. Apes strung together various signs, but the sequences were often random and repetitious. Nims series of 16 signs in a case in point, give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange give me you. (Terrace et al., 1979, p.895). More recent studies with apes at the Yerkers Primate Research Center in Atlanta have broken new grounds. For instance, an ape, Kanzi learned that in two-word utterance action precedes object, an ordering also used by human children at the twoword stage. In a major article reporting their research, Greenfield & Savage (1990) wrote that Kanzi rarely repeated himself or formed combinations that were sematically unrelated. (p. 556). More important, Kanzi began his own to create certain patterns that may not exist in English but can be found among deaf children and in other human languages. For example, Kanzi used his own rules when combining action symbols. Lexigrams that involved an invitation to play such as chase, would appear first; lexigrams that indicated what was to be done during play (hide) would appear second. Kanzi also created his own rules when combining guestures and lexigrams. (Greenfield & Savage, 1990, p. 560) In a recent study, Kanzis abilities were shown to be similar to those of a 2year-old human, Alia. Rumbaugh (1995) reported that Kanzis comprehension of over