Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MM Clements
Introduction
WAN introduction and devices MODEM technologies Router Functions Router Hardware Connecting to a router for the first time
8/9/2012
ITCN
Router Function
Linking WANs and LANs Interconnecting communication lines Path determination and packet switching Application of security rules (ACLs) Protocol conversion (encapsulation)
8/9/2012
ITCN
Introduction to WANs
A wide area network (WAN) is a data communications network spanning a large geographic area such as a region, country or the entire planet A WAN may interconnect LANs May use microwave, satellite, fibre-optic, phone lines etc. to cover distances
8/9/2012
ITCN
WAN Devices
Switch connects PCs, servers etc. to a router Ethernet cannot travel large distances so MODEM is used
MODEM = Modulator and Demodulator Translates between Ethernet and WAN technology and back again
ITCN
8/9/2012
ITCN
T1=1.544 Mbps, T3=44.736 Mbps , X.25, SMDS (SWITCHED MULTIMEGABIT DATA SERVICE), ATM, xDSL, Modem, Cable Modem, ISDN, OC-x X.25 and ISDN are used less today than in the past but can still be found in operation
8/9/2012
ITCN
Cisco Routers
Operating system is known as Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Held in Flash memory (non-volatile) CLI not GUI Based on UNIX heritage
8/9/2012
ITCN
Router Operation
Layer 3 device Accepts PDUs on incoming network Examines PDU data Makes decision(s) for next stage of PDU journey May modify PDU contents (not payload) Passes PDU on to outgoing network
8/9/2012 ITCN
10
Layer 2 header is modified by router Source and destination MAC addresses are changed at each router
12
8/9/2012
ITCN
Router accepts packet and views inside Network Layer header IP address of destination carried in Network Layer header and other information Destination IP address looked up in routing table Packet passed to appropriate exit interface
8/9/2012 ITCN
13
Transport Layer header contents examined Source and destination port checked May trigger security of an Access Control List May drop packets under heavy load
14
8/9/2012
ITCN
Used to identify incoming packets Can be used for security purposes E.g. do not allow TELNET traffic
15
8/9/2012
ITCN
Inside a Router
Router is a dedicated computer Contains hardware found in most PCs Does not have hard disk Flash memory is used instead to hold IOS NVRAM used to hold configuration files DRAM used to hold routing tables, buffering, ARP cache etc CPU, ROM and interfaces too
8/9/2012 ITCN
16
17
8/9/2012
ITCN
External Connections
Configuration connections
LAN connections
WAN connections often via WAN Interface Cards (WICs) Newer hardware is modular Makes upgrading cheaper
8/9/2012 ITCN
18
19
8/9/2012
ITCN
Router Connections
20
8/9/2012
ITCN
Connecting to a Router
First-time connection must be via console cable attached to a PC PC runs terminal emulator e.g. Hyperterminal Correct parameters must be set
8/9/2012
21
ITCN
22
8/9/2012
ITCN
Conclusion
Routers choose paths and switch data packets IOS runs on Cisco hardware Apply security etc. No hard disk all solid state New routers have modular chassis for flexibility Terminal emulator and rollover cable to connect
23
8/9/2012
ITCN