Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What assumptions does make? -Businesses sell whole output immediately to households -Households spend entire income immediately on consumer products What are the markets? What do these entail? -Factor Market: Households sell factors of production, Businesses pay in rent, wages, interests, and profits. -Product Market: Businesses give households final goods and services, households pay businesses with money (profits)
Formula?
Year X real GDP Population in Year X How is it helpful?
-Allows economists to determine the degree to which GDP change compensates for population change.
What are its shortcomings? -Does not account for the true well-being of a nation -Though real GDP may rise, when population increases, PCGDP decreases -Does not account for changes in leisure time, increased crime, housework, etc
I+C+G+X
A Breakdown.
I= Investment C= Consumption G= Government Spending X= Net Exports (total exports-total imports)
W+I+R+P
A Breakdown.
W=Wages I=Interest R=Rent
P=Profits
EMPLOYMENT TECHNICALITIES
-Full Employment: -Most individuals willing to work at prevailing wages are employed -Average price level is stable -Some temporary unemployment -Frictional Unemployment: -Its okay, its temporary! -Workers change jobs; new workers look for first jobs -Structural Unemployment: -Mismatch between skills of job seekers & skills required for available jobs -E.g. typewriter-repairmens jobs became obsolete
-Cyclical Unemployment
-BAD for society & individuals -Downturns in business cycle -Seasonal Unemployment -Occurs when people work certain jobs for part of a year -e.g. Mall Santas, Lifeguards, Amusement Park Ride Operators
-Inflation
-Sustained increase in average price level -Deflation -Sustained decrease in average price level
ECONOMIC GROWTH
-Economy produces increasing amounts of goods & services over long term -Increase greater than increase in population?
-Unemployed
-Not in labor force Which categories comprise the labor force? -Employed and Unemployed
-Much smaller than total adult population b/c many are too old, some are unable to work, and others do not want to work.
-Expression:
-To what degree has the price of an item increased? -By how many times (e.g. 1.5) has the price increased? -By what percent has the price of an item increased?
Deflation
-Occurs when the average of all prices of goods and services falls
- 17% Transportation
-16% Food - 6% each Education, Communication, Medical Care, Recreation -4% each Apparel and Other g&s
Year x Inflation Rate= Year X CPI Base Year CPI x 100 Base Year CPI
-If quality of good falls, value of $ falls even if price stays the same
GDP DEFLATOR
What does it measure?? Measures changes in prices of all goods and services produced domestically What does it include?? Includes Investment, Consumption, Government Spending, and Net Exports How do we calculate it? Nominal GDP *100 Real GDP
-If output levels fall and unemployment rises to a great enough degree, this may be called a recession.
External Shocks to the Economy -War, Weather changes, and an increase in oil prices