Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GSM900 DCS1800
Company Confidential
15/7/05
The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is a huge, rapidly expanding and successful technology. Less than five years ago, there were a few 10's of companies working on GSM. Each of these companies had a few GSM experts who brought knowledge back from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) committees designing the GSM specification. Now there are 100's of companies working on GSM and 1000's of GSM experts. GSM is no longer state-of-the-art. It is everyday-technology, as likely to be understood by the service technician as the ETSI committee member.
GSM evolved as a mobile communications standard when there were too many standards floating around in Europe. Analog cellular was in use for several years in different parts of world. Even today there are few networks of Analog cellular. The experience of analog cellular helped in developing specifications for a Digital Cellular standard. The work on GSM specs took a complete decade before practical systems were implemented using these specs.
GSM is quickly moving out of Europe and is becoming a world standard. In this presentation we will understand the basic GSM network elements and some of the important features. Since this is a very complex system, we have to develop the knowledge in a step by step approach.
Company Confidential
15/7/05
Introduction to Cellular
Company Confidential
15/7/05
Each cell has a Base Station Transceiver ( BTS ) at the chosen site. The location of BTS site depends upon several factors.. 1. Coverage in prime localities / hot spots is the most important criteria in choosing the BTS site. 2. Terrain - Type of buildings in the area to be covered. 3. Availability of proper site - COST factor 4. Availability of open space, power supply , security 5. Nearby installations of Cellular / other transmitters. 6. Access to the network - leased lines / Microwave link / Optical link. "Number of BTS" sites is a measure of the size .
Company Confidential
15/7/05
Cell Configuration
Omni-directional Cell
Sectorial Cell
BTS
BTS
Company Confidential
15/7/05
Frequency Reuse
F= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Clusters
GSM uses concept of cells One cell covers small part of network Network has many cells Frequency used in one cell can be used in another cells This is known as Frequency Re-use F=2
F=4,8 F=5,9
F=2 F=7
F=7
F=1 F=6,10 F=5,9
F=3
F=1 F=4,8 F=5,9
Company Confidential
15/7/05
OMC VMSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS MS BTS BTS BTS
A
TRAU
AUC
MSC
SMSC
BC
BSC PSTN
Company Confidential
15/7/05
CC 98
NDC XXX
SN 12345
MCC 404
MNC XX
MSIN 12345
TAC
6 digits
FAC
2 digits
SNR
6 digits
S
1 digit
Company Confidential
15/7/05
The Mobile Station has two identities associated with it : MSISDN: (Mobile Station International Dialed Number) : This is the human identity associated with the Mobile Phone. This identity is used by the users to identify their subscription numbers and also by others to call Mobile Phones. This identity is not stored anywhere in the Mobile Phone. It is available in the Network database (HLR). The objective of this identity is to route the call over the fixed and Mobile Phone network. It is made up of CC ( Country Code ) which provides uniqueness in routing calls to GSM operations country. Within the country, the NDC ( National Destination Code ) provides unique identification of each operator. Finally the SN ( Subscriber Number) discriminates each subscriber within a network. IMEI ( International Mobile Equipment Identity ) : This is a unique number stored inside the ROM of the Mobile Phone. Its uniqueness lies in the TAC (Type Approval Code ) which is allotted by the MOU to a new mobile which has passed the confirmation specifications. After which the manufacturer may discriminate individual phones by FAC (Final Assemble Code), SNR (Serial Number) and also by the SP ( Spare digit ) typical used for software version control.
Company Confidential
15/7/05
VLR
G D
VLR
C F
HLR/AUC
HLR/ AUC
Abis BTS
EIR
OMC
OML I E SUPP H GMSC
GSMSC
PSTN
SS7/R2
Company Confidential
15/7/05
10
Company Confidential
15/7/05
11
Amplitude
Frequency
Company Confidential
15/7/05
12
Tranceiver ( BTS )
13 kbps
78 11
15/7/05
13
Speech is captured in blocks of 20ms and coded into 260 bits, which are then ordered accordingly into Type 1a - 50 bits, Type 1b - 132 bits and Type 2 - 78 bits. These 260 bits give out a data rate of 13kbps which is the GSM speech rate. These bits are then channel coded for error correction and converted to 456 bits which yields out a data rate of 22.8kbps, which is data rate on Air interface. These 456 bits/20ms is decoded down to 260 bits at the BTS which again gives the original speech rate of 13Kbps. These 260 bits speech are again bit stuffed with 60 bits by the transcoder handler which gives out a rate of 16kbps, which is mapped on Abis.
Company Confidential
15/7/05
14
UPLINK
RXLEV
RXLEV
RXLEV
RXLEV
RXLEV
Company Confidential
15/7/05
15
Besides receiving and transmitting information, the mobile must switch frequency and get ready to receive and measure the level of the adjacent cell's broadcast channels.
It then reports this (RXLev) information to its own base station in order to establish when a handover is appropriate between cells.
Again, information is received on timeslot 2, we switch 45MHz to transmit information and then, need to switch back 45MHz +/- a few MHz to monitor and measure the level of the adjacent cell's broadcast channels.
This information will be reported back to the base station at least every 30 seconds so that the base station can determine the appropriate time to do a handoff. The RxLev information is reported back to the base-station on the uplink SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel). The mobile uses a list of ARFCN in the BA (Base Allocation) table to know which BCH frequencies to go out and measure. The BA table is coded onto the BCH, and also the downlink SACCH. This is the primary (or non-hopped) mode of operation in the GSM system. If there is an area which has bad multipath, such as urban areas with lots of reflections from buildings, the cell may need to be defined as a hopping cell.
Company Confidential
15/7/05
16
Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs
Tx Level 5 6 7 . 14 15
Power dBm 33 31 29 . 15 13
Company Confidential
15/7/05
17
Timing Advance
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at the correct time. They must not overlap
BTS
Company Confidential
15/7/05
18
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T
Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Broadcast Channel
Company Confidential
15/7/05
19
Logical Channels
Traffic Channels
Traffic Channels carry either encoded speech or user data Two forms of Traffic Channels are defined : -- Full rate Traffic Channel : Carries encoded information at gross rate of 22.8Kbps -- Half rate Traffic Channel : Carries encoded information at gross rate of 11.4 Kbps
Speech Traffic Channels Full rate Traffic Channel for speech : Speech out of encoded information is at 13 kbps Half rate Traffic Channel for speech : Speech out of encoded information is at 6.5 kbps
Data Traffic Channels Full rate Traffic Channel for 9.6 kbps user data Full rate Traffic Channel for 4.8 kbps user data Full rate Traffic Channel for < 2.4 kbps user data
Traffic Channels Modes Circuit Switching mode ( transparent connection to a service like telephony ) Packet Swithching mode ( as per recommendation X.25 or other standardised protocols)
Company Confidential
15/7/05
20
Logical Channels
Broadcast Channels ( BCH )
Frequency Correction Channels ( FCCH ) : Carries Information for frequency correction of the mobile stations. ( Downlink )
Synchronisation Channels ( SCH ) : Carries information for frame synchronization of the mobile stations and identification of BTS ( Downlink ) Contains two pieces of information : BSIC & Reduced Frame Number *
Broadcast Control Channels ( BCCH ) : Broadcasts various cell parameters and other information required by the mobile to access the network. ( Downlink)
Company Confidential
15/7/05
21
Logical Channels
Broadcast Channels ( BCH )
TN
FN 0 0 FCCH SCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH FCCH SCH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FN 10 FN 11
FCCH & SCH occurs every 10th frame BCCH is send in block of 4 frames BCCH block occurs once in 51 frames
FN 51
Company Confidential
15/7/05
22
Logical Channels
Common Control Channels
Access Grant Channel ( AGCH ) : Used to for allocation of a dedicated channel ( SDCCH ) ( Downlink )
Random Access Channel ( RACH ) : Used to request allocation of dedicated channel ( SDCCH ) ( Uplink )
Company Confidential
15/7/05
23
Logical Channels
0
FN 0
FCCH
5 0
6 1
7 2 3 4 5 6 7
Downlink
AGCH
AGCH AGCH AGCH
FN 0
Uplink
FN 10 FN 11 FN 12
CCCH is configured to AGCH & PCH either dynamically or through O & M AGCH & PCH also occurs in block of 4 No of AGCH & PCH in one Multiframe depends on channel combinations
PCH
PCH PCH PCH PCH
RACH
RACH RACH RACH
FN 19 FN 51
PCH
FN 51
Company Confidential
15/7/05
24
Logical Channels
Dedicated Control Channels
Standalone dedicated control channel ( SDCCH ) : Used for conveying signaling information ( Downlink & Uplink ) Slow Associated Control Channel ( SACCH ) : Used for conveying slow information associated with SDCCH and TCH ( Downlink and Uplink ) Fast Associated Control Channel ( FACCH ) : Associated with TCH for conveying fast signaling information (D&U) Cell Broadcast Control Channel ( CBCH ) : Subset of SDCCH used for broadcasting cell broadcast messages ( Downlink )
Company Confidential
15/7/05
25
B+D
0
TN=0
Downlink
B B C C F S F S C C C C F S F S D0 D0 D1 D1 F S F S D2 D2 D3 D3 F S F S A0 A2 A1 A3
50
I I
F S F S
0
D3 D3 R R R R A2 A0 A3 A1
Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D0 D1 D1 R R R R
50
D2 D2
B
0
TN=0
Downlink
B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C
50
I
F S
Uplink
50
TN=0 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Company Confidential
15/7/05
26
D
0
TN=0
Downlink
D1 D1 D2 D2 D3 D3 D4 D4 D5 D5 D6 D6 D7 D7 A0 A4 A1 A5 A2 A6 A3 A7 I I I I
50
I I
D0 D0
0
TN=0
Uplink
A6
A2
50
D2
D2
A5
A1
A7
A3
I
I
I
I
I
I
D0
D0
D1
D1
D3
D3
D4
D4
D5
D5
D6
D6
D7
D7
A0
A4
B+C
0
TN=0
Downlink
I B C I I C C I I C C I I C C I I C C
50
I
0
TN=2,4,6
Uplink
50
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Company Confidential
15/7/05
27
TN=0
Uplink
25
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I
Company Confidential
15/7/05
28
FRAMES
1 Burst = 577usecs
1 TDMA Frame
3 4 5
Multiframe
= 8 bursts = 4.616 ms
23 24
25
48 49
50
0 0
1 1
2 2
48 23
49 24
50 25
1 Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes = 2715648 TDMA Frames = 3 hrs 28 min 53 sec 760 ms
Company Confidential
15/7/05
29