IMAGE ENHANCEMENT USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

S U B M I T T E D B YB . T E C H 4 TH Y R

INTRODUCTION
The project named IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

SOFTWARE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING aims at converting the colored image into a free hand drawing image. Java language has been chosen for implementation because of its features of platform independent, secure and robust. The project is mainly divided into 3 modules:

BASIC OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED ON IMAGES

The set of operations consists of the following
1. Brightness 2. Sharpen and Blurring

3. Negative
4. Grayscale conversion 5. Rotate

Brightness
This operation increases the brightness level or gray scale of the image pixels by multiplying them by a multiplying factor which is 1.5(user adjustable ). For this following are used:Class RescaleOp performs a pixel-by-pixel rescaling The scaled sample values are clipped to the minimum/maximum representable in the destination image. filter method Rescales the source BufferedImage If the color model in the source image is not the same as that in the destination image, the pixels will be converted in the destination. If the destination image is null, a BufferedImage will be created with the source ColorModel.

Original image

After brightening

Sharpen and Blurring

Sharpening enhances the edges and corners in the image and blurring is the inverse of it. The blur and sharpen filter is a subclass of Convolver.The abstract class Convolver handles the basics of a convolution filter by implementing the ImageConsumer interface to move the source pixels into an array. It also creates a second array for the filtered data. Convolution filters sample a small rectangle of pixels around each pixel in an image, called the convolution kernel.

 Sharpening contains corresponding output pixel has the

difference between the centre pixel and the surrounding average added to it. In blurring we simply takes average of all pixel values in mask.
-1 -1 -1 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 -1 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9

Original image

Sharpened image

Original image

Blurred image

Negative

It takes apart the red, green, and blue channels and

then inverts them by subtracting them from 255 It uses ShortLookupTable properties which contains data array. If there is only one array in the lookup table, it will be applied to all bands. All arrays must be the same size.

Original image

Negative image

Grayscale conversion
Class ColorSpace This abstract class is used to serve as a color space tag to identify the specific color space of a Color object.It contains methods that transform colors in a specific color space Class ColorConvertOp This class performs a pixel-by-pixel color conversion of the data in the source image. Color conversion can be specified via an array of ColorSpace objects.

Original image

Grayscale image

Rotate
We can rotate the image by applying affine

transformation on image received through affine transformation and getGraphics(). In varied angles around the centre pixel on image.

Original image

Rotated image

Pencil Effect on the image

To achieve the desired visual effects of an actual pencil sketch, we propose four-step method for colored image sharpening gradient estimation gradient transform smoothing

Sharpening Sharpening enhances the edges and corners in the image. So it helps to detect every edges and corners in the image completely.

Gradient estimation
The next task is to detect points of significant

gradient ( edges and corners). Edge detection is also a subclass of convolver. It also implements convolution using different kernals. we have discussed some edge detector kernals Sobel operator Prewitts operator Laplacian operator

Sobel Operator The operator consists of a pair of 33 convolution kernels as shown in Figure 1. One kernel is simply the other rotated by 90.

Prewitts operator: Prewitt operator is similar to the Sobel operator and is used for detecting vertical and horizontal edges in images.

 The Laplacian operator produces both positive

gradient and negative gradient, to roughly detect the edge, we can simply keep either of the two gradients (a more accurate way is to detect the zero-crossing).

 To achieve the objective of linking darker pencil

color to edges of larger gradient, we apply the following transform,

where t is an empirically-chosen parameter, which can be user-adjustable.

final smoothing
the thresholding step may make the difference between the contours and the background too abrupt.we adopt smoothing step to further blend the contours with the background and to link the broken contours.

Result after implementing pencil effect using sobel operator

After Prewitts operator

After Laplacian operator

Emboss Effect
conventional embossing method, the embossed image has similar results in both the gray scale image and the color image. Mask for embossing effect are following-

The selection of an embossing mask is dependent on the direction of the lighting such as 45, 90, or 135 degrees.

 We are using mask with center value 1. this mask will maintain the color of the image

6 0 0

1
0

0 0 -6

convolution is implemented using embossing kernal.. This allows the output pixel to be affected by the immediate neighborhood in a way that can mathematically specified with a kernel.

Emboss effect snapshot

References
A New Embossing Method for Color Images Ji-Hong Kim,Kwang-Eui Lee, Ki-Ryong Kwon AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF PENCIL-SKETCH LIKE DRAWINGS FROM PERSONAL PHOTOS Jin Zhou and Baoxin Li

http://www.itgalary.com
http://docs.oracle.com

Thank you