Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Sometimes also called as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) A group of common chronic respiratory disease that are characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in the airways of the lungs

Emphysema

Cigarette smoking is implicated in most cases. However a genetic factor contributes to

early development of the disease in nonsmokers.

Signs and symptoms

Dyspnea occurs first on exertion and then progresses until it is marked even at rest Hyperventilation with a prolonged expiratory phase, use of the accessory muscles and hyperinflation leading to development of a barrel chest mark the ventilation difficulty

Signs and symptoms

Typical posture is a sitting position, leaning forward (tripod position), to facilitate breathing. Chest is hyperresonant in percussion. Hyperventilation maintains adequate oxygen levels until later stages

Signs and symptoms

Anorexia and fatigue contribute to weight loss Clubbed fingers and secondary polycythemia may develop as compensations

Diagnostic Tests

Chest x-rays Pulmonary function tests Both indicate the presence of increased residual volume and total lung capacity as well as decreased forced expiratory volume and vital capacity

 Learning appropriate breathing techniques(pursed-lip) Maintenance of adequate nutrition and hydration Medications(bronchodilators, antibiotics, O2 therapy) Lung reduction surgery

Treatment

Avoidance of respiratory irritants and sources of respiratory infections Cessation of smoking Immunization against influenza and pneumonia Pulmonary rehabilitation programs

Chronic Bronchitis

Individuals with chronic bronchitis usually have a history of cigarette smoking or of living in an urban area, particularly in geographic locations where smog is common. Heavy exposure to inhaled irritants leads to inflammation and frequent infections, initiating the cycle

Signs and symptoms

Constant productive cough is the significant indicator of chronic bronchitis, as in tachypnea and shortness of breath Thick, purulent secretions Severe cough and rhonchi in the morning(pooled during sleep)

 Cyanosis Hypercapnia Secondary polycythemia, severe weight loss, and signs of systemic edema(cor pulmonale)

Treatment

Reducing exposure to irritants and prompt treatment of infection Vaccines(influenza and pneumonia) Use of expectorants, bronchodilators, and appropriate CPT Low-flow O2 and nutritional supplements

Bronchiectasis Usually a secondary problem, that develops in patients w/ conditions such as cystic fibrosis or COPD Some cases result from childhood infection, aspiration of foreign bodies, or a congenital weakness in the bronchial wall

Signs and symptoms

Chronic cough (may be paroxysmal in the morning), and production of copious amounts of purulent sputum(1-2 cups/day) Rales, rhonchi, foul breath, dyspnea, and hemoptysis Systemic signs(weight loss, anemia, and fatigue)

Treatment

Medications(antibiotics, bronchodilators); treatment of the primary condition CPT

Lannao, Jenneviv Lungan, Alecszica Magnaye, Ariane Joy Maminta, Dian Rose Manlulu, Queen Frances Nozar Mejia, Karla Mendoza, Katherine Petalio, Sarah Jane Realisan, Jenny

GROUP D