An Introduction to the Viruses

Chapter 6

The Scale of Viruses

Too small for the light microscope Range from about 20 to 200 nm (0.02-0.2 m)
BACTERIA CELLS

Rickettsia 0.3 m

(1)

Streptococcus 1 m

(2)

Viruses 450nm 1. Mimivirus 2. Herpes simplex 150 nm 3. Rabies 125 nm 4. HIV 110 nm 100 nm 5. Influenza 6. Adenovirus 75 nm 7. T2 bacteriophage 65 nm 8. Poliomyelitis 30 nm 9. yellow fever 22 nm Protein Molecule 15 nm 10. Hemoglobin molecule

E. coli 2 m long (10) (9)

(8)

(7)

(3) (6) (4) (5)

Viral Classification
International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

Type of nucleic acid

Strandedness (single vs double)

Capsid morphology (the coat)

Presence or absence of envelope

Host range (host specificity)

NOT 16S rRNA

The Viral Capsid

Made of protein (Capsomeres) auto-assemble Nucleocapsid
Spike Envelope

Capsid Spike

Nucleic acid Capsid

Nucleic acid

(a) Naked Nucleocapsid Virus (b) Enveloped Virus

Icosohedral morphology

Other Capsid Morphologies

Helical capsid
Discs Nucleic acid Capsomers

Complex capsid

(a)

(a)

Nucleic acid Capsid head (b) Nucleic acid Capsid begins forming helix. Collar

Tail fibers

Sheath

(c)

Tail pins

Base plate

(b)
a: Harold Fisher

Concept Check
What is the protein shell that surround a viral genome called?

A. Envelope B. Capsid C. Core D. Cortex

Viral Genomes
One kind of nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA)

DS DNA
SS DNA DS RNA

Adenovirus, Herpes virus, Poxvirus

Parvovirus Reovirus

SS RNA (+) Poliovirus, Rhinovirus SS RNA (-) Influenza, Rabies virus SS RNA (+) HIV (becomes DNA in cell) SS RNA (+) Hepatitis B (becomes DNA in virus)

Viral Membranes
Called the envelope Found in some, but not all viruses Derived from the host cell

Formed by budding
(c)

Envelope Nucleocapsid

Viral Enzymes
Found In nucleocapsid

Polymerases
Reverse transcriptase Found in envelope

Hemagglutinin
Antigenic protein with a glycoprotien component, bind receptors (sialic acid) on host respiratory cells, sialic acid receptors, very similar between strains, rapid ability to evolve (http://biology.kenyon.edu/BMB/Chime2/2005/Cerc hiara-Holsberry/FRAMES/start.htm)

Neuraminidase
cleave sialic acid (akasialidase) found in tissue, glycoproteins Orthomyxoviridae (influenza), Paramyxoviridae (meales, mumps, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus- children with pneumo) and bacteria Assist in release of viral progeny that would normal remain attach to the host cell surface

Envelope Nucleocapsid

Virus Infectious Cycle

Adsorption specific attachment
Penetration entry of viral genome Uncoating release of viral genome Synthesis new viral products made Assembly new viruses are made in the cell

Release often causes the host cell to lyse

Concept Check
What type of genetic material does the influenza virus contain?

A. DS DNA B. DS RNA C. SS (+) RNA D. SS () RNA

Lytic Bacteriophage
Head

Virus binds
DNA injected Capsid stays outside Expression Assembly
Bacterial cell wall Tube

Viral nucleic acid

Cytoplasm

Cell destroyed

Lysogenic Viruses
Lysogeny

Temperate viruses
Infection followed by integration into the genome Prophage are integrated viral genomes Lysogenic conversion Induction leads to lysis

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E. coli host 7 Bacteriophage Release of viruses Lysogenic State Bacterial DNA Viral DNA 1 Adsorption

Viral DNA becomes latent as prophage.

Penetration

6 Lysis of weakened cell

Lytic Cycle

DNA splits

Spliced viral genome

Duplication of phage components; replication of virus genetic material

Maturation

Viral DNA

Bacterial DNA molecule

Capsid DNA

The lysogenic state in bacteria. The viral DNA molecule is inserted at specific sites on the bacterial chromosome. The viral DNA is duplicated along with the regular genome and can provide adaptive genes for the host bacterium.

Tail

+
Sheath

Tail fibers

Assembly of new virions

Bacteriophage

Bacteriophage assembly line. First the capsomers are synthesized by the host cell. A strand of viral nucleic acid is inserted during capsid formation. In final assembly, the prefabricated components fit together into whole parts and

Detecting Viruses in the Lab

Plaque assays (used to visualize the presence of virus)

Bacteria cultures used for bacteriophage Tissue culture used for eukaryotes

Concept Check
Corynebacterium diphtheriae becomes more pathogenic when a bacteriophage called beta is incorporated into its genome. What is this process called?

A. Transposition B. Transformation

C. Lysogenic conversion
D. Lytic cycle

DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes

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Table 6.2 Medically Relevant DNA Virus Groups

DNA Viruses

Enveloped

Nonenveloped

Double-stranded genome

Double-stranded genome

Single-stranded genome

Poxviruses
-Small pox, Vaccinia, Cowpox

Adenoviruses (linear dsDNA)

Herpesviruses
-Simplex 1 -Simplex 2

Papovaviruses (circular dsDNA)

Parvoviruses

Source: Adapted from: Poxviridae from Buller et al., National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Department of Health & Human Services.

RNA Viruses of Eukaryotes

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Table 6.3

Medically Relevant RNA Viruses

RNA Viruses Enveloped Single-stranded genome Single-stranded genome encodes reverse transcriptase Nonsegmented genome Retroviruses Nonenveloped Single-stranded genome Picornaviruses Double-stranded genome

Segmented genome

Reoviruses

Orthomyxoviruses Bunyaviruses Arenaviruses

Paramyxoviruses

Caliciviruses

Rhabdoviruses

Filoviruses

Coronaviruses

Results of Viral Infections

Death of host cell = Most viruses Proliferation of cells = Papillomavirus Fusion of host cells = Respiratory syncytial virus Transformation of cells = Adenovirus No obvious changes = Rubella

Viral Infectious Cycle

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Host Cell Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

1 Adsorption. The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors.

2 3

2 Penetration. The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is 3 Uncoated, thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm.

Nucleus (+) RNA 4 Synthesis: Replication and Protein Production. Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes.

4 ()

(+)

(+)
(+) New RNA (+) (+)

New spikes 5 Assembly. Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers.

New capsomers 5

6 Release. Envelop viruses bud Off of the membrane, carrying Away an envelope with the spikes This completed virus or virion is ready to infect another cell. (a)

Virus Binding and Entry

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Host cell membrane

Uncoating step

Virus in vesicle

Vesicle, envelope, and capsid break down

Free DNA

(a)

Specific attachment

Engulfment

Host cell membrane Receptors

Free RNA Uncoating of nucleic acid Receptor-spike complex Entry of nucleocapsid

(b)

Irreversible attachment

Membrane fusion

Concept Check
What is the lipid membrane that surround some viruses called?

A. Capsid

B. Envelope
C. Outer membrane

D. Capsule

RNA Virus Replication

+ RNA Genome

RNA Positive single-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., picornaviruses) RNA RNA +RNA Negative single-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses)

RNA RNA Double-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., reoviruses)

(b)

DNA + RNA Retroviruses (e.g., HIV)

DNA +RNA

Virus Release
Many viruses bud out from infected cells
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Viral nucleocapsid Host cell membrane Viral glycoprotein spikes Cytoplasm Capsid

RNA

Budding virion (a) Viral matrix protein

Free infectious virion with envelope

Viroids ( affects plants)

Plant pathogens
Naked RNA Single-stranded Circles Very small (100 to 300 nucleotides)

Prions (affects animals)

Animal pathogens Slow viruses Spongiform encephalopathy Kuru Mad Cow Disease Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease Defectively folded host protein

Concept Check
How are the infectious cycles of viruses different in bacterial and eukaryotic host cells?

A. The virus genome does not enter a eukaryote B. The virus genome does not enter a bacterium C. The capsid does not enter a eukaryote D. The capsid does not enter a bacterium