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Chapter 6
Rickettsia 0.3 m
(1)
Streptococcus 1 m
(2)
Viruses 450nm 1. Mimivirus 2. Herpes simplex 150 nm 3. Rabies 125 nm 4. HIV 110 nm 100 nm 5. Influenza 6. Adenovirus 75 nm 7. T2 bacteriophage 65 nm 8. Poliomyelitis 30 nm 9. yellow fever 22 nm Protein Molecule 15 nm 10. Hemoglobin molecule
(8)
(7)
Viral Classification
International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
Capsid Spike
Nucleic acid
Icosohedral morphology
Complex capsid
(a)
(a)
Nucleic acid Capsid head (b) Nucleic acid Capsid begins forming helix. Collar
Tail fibers
Sheath
(c)
Tail pins
Base plate
(b)
a: Harold Fisher
Concept Check
What is the protein shell that surround a viral genome called?
Viral Genomes
One kind of nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA)
DS DNA
SS DNA DS RNA
SS RNA (+) Poliovirus, Rhinovirus SS RNA (-) Influenza, Rabies virus SS RNA (+) HIV (becomes DNA in cell) SS RNA (+) Hepatitis B (becomes DNA in virus)
Viral Membranes
Called the envelope Found in some, but not all viruses Derived from the host cell
Formed by budding
(c)
Envelope Nucleocapsid
Viral Enzymes
Found In nucleocapsid
Polymerases
Reverse transcriptase Found in envelope
Hemagglutinin
Antigenic protein with a glycoprotien component, bind receptors (sialic acid) on host respiratory cells, sialic acid receptors, very similar between strains, rapid ability to evolve (http://biology.kenyon.edu/BMB/Chime2/2005/Cerc hiara-Holsberry/FRAMES/start.htm)
Neuraminidase
cleave sialic acid (akasialidase) found in tissue, glycoproteins Orthomyxoviridae (influenza), Paramyxoviridae (meales, mumps, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus- children with pneumo) and bacteria Assist in release of viral progeny that would normal remain attach to the host cell surface
Envelope Nucleocapsid
Concept Check
What type of genetic material does the influenza virus contain?
Lytic Bacteriophage
Head
Virus binds
DNA injected Capsid stays outside Expression Assembly
Bacterial cell wall Tube
Cytoplasm
Cell destroyed
Lysogenic Viruses
Lysogeny
Temperate viruses
Infection followed by integration into the genome Prophage are integrated viral genomes Lysogenic conversion Induction leads to lysis
Penetration
Lytic Cycle
DNA splits
Maturation
Viral DNA
Capsid DNA
The lysogenic state in bacteria. The viral DNA molecule is inserted at specific sites on the bacterial chromosome. The viral DNA is duplicated along with the regular genome and can provide adaptive genes for the host bacterium.
Tail
+
Sheath
Tail fibers
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage assembly line. First the capsomers are synthesized by the host cell. A strand of viral nucleic acid is inserted during capsid formation. In final assembly, the prefabricated components fit together into whole parts and
Concept Check
Corynebacterium diphtheriae becomes more pathogenic when a bacteriophage called beta is incorporated into its genome. What is this process called?
A. Transposition B. Transformation
C. Lysogenic conversion
D. Lytic cycle
Enveloped
Nonenveloped
Double-stranded genome
Double-stranded genome
Single-stranded genome
Poxviruses
-Small pox, Vaccinia, Cowpox
Herpesviruses
-Simplex 1 -Simplex 2
Parvoviruses
Source: Adapted from: Poxviridae from Buller et al., National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Department of Health & Human Services.
Table 6.3
Segmented genome
Reoviruses
Paramyxoviruses
Caliciviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Filoviruses
Coronaviruses
Death of host cell = Most viruses Proliferation of cells = Papillomavirus Fusion of host cells = Respiratory syncytial virus Transformation of cells = Adenovirus No obvious changes = Rubella
Cell membrane
1 Adsorption. The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors.
2 3
2 Penetration. The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is 3 Uncoated, thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm.
Nucleus (+) RNA 4 Synthesis: Replication and Protein Production. Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes.
4 ()
(+)
(+)
(+) New RNA (+) (+)
New spikes 5 Assembly. Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers.
New capsomers 5
6 Release. Envelop viruses bud Off of the membrane, carrying Away an envelope with the spikes This completed virus or virion is ready to infect another cell. (a)
Uncoating step
Virus in vesicle
Free DNA
(a)
Specific attachment
Engulfment
(b)
Irreversible attachment
Membrane fusion
Concept Check
What is the lipid membrane that surround some viruses called?
A. Capsid
B. Envelope
C. Outer membrane
D. Capsule
RNA Positive single-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., picornaviruses) RNA RNA +RNA Negative single-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses)
(b)
DNA +RNA
Virus Release
Many viruses bud out from infected cells
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Viral nucleocapsid Host cell membrane Viral glycoprotein spikes Cytoplasm Capsid
RNA
Plant pathogens
Naked RNA Single-stranded Circles Very small (100 to 300 nucleotides)
Concept Check
How are the infectious cycles of viruses different in bacterial and eukaryotic host cells?
A. The virus genome does not enter a eukaryote B. The virus genome does not enter a bacterium C. The capsid does not enter a eukaryote D. The capsid does not enter a bacterium