Balut An

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
(FIRST AID)
Disediakan oleh; Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar

Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:
DOLIDIAS Malaysia No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
First Aid Unit
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Professionally coordinates by:
(1)
PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan. Variasi nama: First Aid Bantu Mula Pertolongan Cemas
(1)
PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
OBJEKTIF
Menyelamat nyawa Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius Mengurangkan kesakitan Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital
(1)
PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
APA ITU KECEMASAN?
Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang mengancam nyawa Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera, kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin menyebabkan kematian
(1)
PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT
Bertanggungjawab Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan Terlatih
(2)
PERALATAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
11)
ISI KOTAK FIRST AID

1)
2)
3) 4) 5)
6)
7) 8) 9)
10)
Termometer Mangkuk Enamel Ubat Cium Asprin Panadol Ubat Melepuh Kain Pembalut Luka Kain Tekap Kapas Gunting
12)
13)
14) 15) 16)
17)
18) 19) 20) 21)
Kain Kapas Pin Semat Elastoplast Ubat Luka Papan Tuap Kain Segitiga Ubat Cuci Mata Pembalut Berelastik Pembalut Pembebat Pembalut Terbuka Adesif Lekat Sendiri
(3)
PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT
Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan mengawal pendarahan.
Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu pembebatan.
(3)
PEMBEBATAN
(3)
JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT Pembalut Tiga Segi Pembalut Lebar Pembalut Kecil Pembalut Gulung
(3)
Pembalut Tiga Segi
(3)
Lipatan Tiga Segi
4.
IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH
? Ikatan
? Balutan ? Anduh
(4)
IKATAN Simpul Sila
(4)
JENIS BALUTAN LUKA Luka Tangan Luka Dada Luka Bahu Luka Peha Luka Siku Luka Lengan Luka Lutut Luka Jari
(4)
Balutan Luka Tangan
(4)
Balutan Luka Tangan
(4)
Balutan Luka Tangan

1 2
(4)
Balutan Luka Dada
Luka di bahagian depan
(4)
Balutan Luka Dada
Luka di bahagian belakang
(4)
Balutan Luka Bahu

1
(4)
Balutan Luka Peha

1 2
(4)
Balutan Luka Siku

1 2
(4)
Balutan Luka Lutut
(4)
Balutan Luka Lengan
(4)
Balutan Luka Jari
3
(4)
JENIS ANDUH Anduh Besar Anduh Kecil Anduh Pergelangan Tangan Anduh Menaik
(4)
Anduh Besar
(4)
Anduh Menaik
1 2
(4)
Pembalut Cincin
1 2

3
(5)
JENIS-JENIS LUKA
1) Luka Terhiris
JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN
(5)
2) Luka Terkoyak
(5)
3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus
(5)
4) Luka Lebam
(5)
5) Luka Kena Tembak
CARA MENAHAN DARAH
CARA RAWATAN
(5)
6) Luka Kecil
CARA RAWATAN
(5)
CARA RAWATAN
(5)
7) Luka di Perut
(5)
8) Luka di Dada
9) Pendarahan bahagian dalam Telinga
(5)
4.PATUKAN
ULAR
Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di mana 37 daripadanya adalah berbisa. Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.
(5)
SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

1)
2)
3) 4) 5)
6)
Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan. Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang kena patuk. Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan. Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan. Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
(5)
BAHAYA
Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.
Boleh membawa kepada maut. Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

(5)
SAIZ PATUKAN
(5)
KESAN PATUKAN
(5)
5.TERKELAR,
TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR
Terkelar,
terbakar dan melecur adalah sama keadaannya. Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih serius daripada melecur.
(5)
(5)
MELECUR DAN LEBAM Disebabkan terkena: Air panas Minyak panas Wap panas Simptom: Kulit melecur dan kemerahan Bahagian terbakar mengelembung dan bengkak dengan cepat Sakit yang amat sangat
(5)
CARA RAWATAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan selesa. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam tangan, dll. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan makanan. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
(5)
CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN

1 2
6.RENJATAN
ELEKTRIK
Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, mungkin mereka yang cuba membantu turut menemui maut.
(5)
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan elektrik sudah terputus. Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa:
1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering Kerusi kayu Tikar getah Kain sal (tuala yang kering) Plastik tebal Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
(5)
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA
(5)
CARA RAWATAN
Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut. Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR. Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terbakar. Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.
(5)
7.PATAH
& TERSELIUH Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak. Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.
(5)
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
Patah tebu
Patah kayu muda
(5)
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
Patah riuk
Patah melarat
(5)
SIMPTOM Lebam dan bengkak Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan Terluka atau berubah bentuk Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit Sakit
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Preparation
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Lifting
8.TERCEKIK
(5)
9.LEMAS
DI AIR
(5)
RAWATAN Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, periksa pernafasan dan nadi. Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur pernafasan. Jika perlu lakukan CPR.
10.KERACUNAN
Apa-apa bahan jika dimasukkan ke dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi boleh mengakibatkan kemudaratan.
(5)
PUNCA KERACUNAN Mulut makan, minum Paru-paru sedut gas/asap Suntikan gigitan, patukan, jarum Kulit semburan racun perosak
(5)
RAWATAN 1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat. 2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat. 3. Kesan melecur pada mulut beri minum air atau susu sedikit demi sedikit. 4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma. 5. Jika tidak sedar lakukan primary survey.
(6)
PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Melalui
1.
2. 3.
3 cara:
Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut) Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari) Holger Nielson
Holger Neilson
(6)
PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Holger Neilson
(6)
PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Rescue Breathing
Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
CPR (on adults & large children) (see handout)
Giving chest compressions.
Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the breast bone, right between the nipples. Position left hand on top of the right hand. Position shoulders directly over the hands and push straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 2 inches. After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
RICE Treatment
Rest
For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injuries.

Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
Ice
Compression
Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too tight! Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.
Elevation
AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
What is an automated external defibrillator (AED)? An AED is a device about the size of a laptop computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm of its own.
How does an AED work? An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to stand clear of the victim and to press the shock button.

AEDs are required to be in most large public buildings. Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
Splints
A material or device used to protect and immobilize a body part. A splint should be used only if it can be applied without hurting the victim. Two Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from blankets, towels, sheets, or bandages. Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers or boards.
Appling Splints
Attempt to splint the injury in the position you find it. Make sure it is not too tight! On Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injured bone.
On Injured Joints
Must include the bone above and below the injured joint.
Slings
Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured arm for support. Example: Triangular Bandage
Treatments for Common Injuries
Types Bleeding Wounds
Bruise
Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under the skin. Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor, scissors, broken glass. Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin.
Incision
Laceration
Types Bleeding Wounds
Abrasion
AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping away the skin. Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away from the body.
Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or projectile pierces the skin. The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
Avulsion
Puncture

Controlling Bleeding
What is the procedure for controlling bleeding that we covered last class?
Shock
Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues. Signs of shock includerapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting. What is the treatment for shock that we covered last class?
Fractures
Is a break or crack in a bone. Two Types
Open Fracture
There
is also a break in the skin. is no break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
There
Treatment
Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, apply ice.
Dislocations
Is the movement of a bone away from its joint. Treatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply a cold compress. Never try and set a dislocation!
Sprains and Strains

Sprain is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue stretching. Strain is an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons. Treatment Apply the RICE treatment.
Weather Related Injuries
Heat Cramps are painful muscle spasms in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating.
Treatment have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
Heat Exhaustion is extreme tiredness due to the bodys inability to regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie down with feet elevated in a cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
Heat Stroke is an overheating of the body that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie in cool, wet towels or sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and groin.
Frostbite is the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities.
Treatment do not attempt rewarming; handle the affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
Hypothermia is a reduction of the body temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment move the victim to a warm environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with blankets.

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Balut An

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Copyright:

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Disediakan oleh; Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar

First Aid Unit

Professionally coordinates by:

Professionally coordinates by:

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

ISI KOTAK FIRST AID

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan mengawal pendarahan.

Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu pembebatan.

Professionally coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Professionally coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Professionally coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Pembalut Tiga Segi

Professionally coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Lipatan Tiga Segi

Professionally coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

IKATAN Simpul Sila

Professionally coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Balutan Luka Tangan

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Tangan

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Tangan

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Luka di bahagian depan

Balutan Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Luka di bahagian belakang

Balutan Luka Bahu

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Peha

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Siku

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Lutut

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Lengan

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Jari

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

Professionally coordinates by: