DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECH.

AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA 147001(PUNJAB) INDIA 2012

Submitted by: AVINASH KUMAR 601101004

HISTORY OF GANGA EXPLOITATION STEPS TO SAVE GANGA THE ACTION PLANS SAMPLING SITES STUDIED PARAMETERS VALUES OF PARAMETERS GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Ganga, the mighty Indian river originates from the snowed peaks of Himalayas, is the lifeline of millions of Indians. From its source to its entry in to the Bay of Bengal, it travels a distance of around 2525 Kms. The river with its well knit tributaries drains the Ganga Basin which encompasses an area of more than a million square kilometers. (1060,000 sq km)spread over four countries- India, Nepal, Bangladesh and China. Hardwar is a city in Northern India, on the bank of the Ganga River north east of Delhi. It is a Hindu pilgrimage centre. Hardwar lies along the Ganga River at the boundary between the Indo- gangetic plain (South) and the Himalayan foothills (North).

The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga River can be characterized as follows: Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river. Solid garbage thrown directly into the river. Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural runoff containing residues of harmful pesticides and fertilizers. Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the river. Defecation on the banks by the low-income people. Mass bathing and ritualistic practices.

Create public awareness Mobilize sentiment toward specific goals Put pressure on agencies controlling water and wastewater management Maintain a public appreciation for and worship of rivers Connect the study of ecology, hydrology and water resources to fundamental values, beliefs and worldviews

It was realized that comprehensive co-ordinated research would have to be conducted on the following aspects of Ganga: The sources and nature of the pollution. A more rational plan for the use of the resources of the Ganga for agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forests, etc. The demographic, cultural and human settlements on the banks of the river. The possible revival of the inland water transport facilities of the Ganga, together with the tributaries and distributaries.

Sapt- Sarover (A) Har- Ki Pauri (B) Laltara Bridge (C) Mayapuri Dam (D) Singhdwar (E)

Temperature Total Suspended Solids (T.S.S.) pH Turbidity Hardness Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S.) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.) Sulphate Nitrate

Months Sites Parameters

Temp. (oC)

February A B C D E

March A B C D E

April A B C D E

10.1

10.9

11.4

12.3

11.5

12.9

12.5

13.8

14.2

17.6

16.5

15.9

18.4

19.7

18.9

T.S.S. (mg/l)

42.5

60.1

58.4

55.8

70.2

78.9

80.7

90.6

102.5

115.4

118.8

125.3

120.7

122.0

140.68

pH

7.06

7.54

7.40

7.48

6.86

7.63

7.82

7.68

7.89

7.90

7.20

7.12

8.35

8.15

7.95

Turbidity(JTU)

30.5

39.1

35.6

36.4

38.6

37.9

42.4

40.1

41.7

53.5

55.5

60.2

67.3

79.6

90.8

Hardness(mg/l)

87.55

88.2

94.4

92.8

96.7

99.2

103.4

105.6

104.2

100.5

107.6

110.4

114.2

115.0

120.62

T.D.S.(mg/l)

44.0

44.9

45.5

42.2

41.4

48

51.4

50.3

53.7

52.6

55.4

56.1

52.6

56.8

57.4

B.O.D.(mg/l)

1.42

1.35

1.52

2.06

2.45

2.32

2.65

2.43

2.78

2.89

3.90

3.54

3.42

3.65

3.23

C.O.D.(mg/l)

13.2

13.5

13.7

10.0

10.5

9.8

9.2

8.8

8.3

7.8

7.1

5.6

5.9

6.0

4.58

Sulphate(mg/l)

16.4

17.2

16.9

17.5

18.4

19.0

18.8

19.7

20.0

18.2

22.1

25.1

23.2

22.4

24.5

Nitrate(mg/l)

0.21

0.20

0.19

0.15

0.12

0.14

0.13

0.10

0.09

0.07

0.06

0.08

0.05

0.01

0.04

Fig-1A Variation in Temperature in February of

different sample sites
14 12 10 Temp. 8 6 4 2 0 A B C D E Temp. 15 10 5 20

Fig-1B Variation in Temperature in March of different sample sites

25 20 Temp. 15 10 5 0

Fig-1C Variation in Temperature in April of different sample sites

0 A B C Sites D E

C Sites