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Solubility Limits
Gases are said to be completely miscible because they will form solutions with each other regardless of the proportions in which they are present.
Solubility Limits
Two or more substances that do not mix at all to form solutions are said to be immiscible.
Solubility Limits
Partially miscible are substances that will mix with each other but only in certain proportions to form solutions.
Solubility Limits
The solubility of a substance refers to the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of a second substance.
Saturations of Solutions
When a solution is formed by dissolving a solid in a liquid, the solid is referred to as the solute and the liquid is the solvent.
Saturations of Solutions
Solid covalent iodine (I2) will slightly dissolve in water at about 0.03 g in 100 ml of water at a given temperature (20 g I2 per 100 ml of alcohol). It is solid due to van der Waal forces, which are overcome by the polar water molecules and their kinetic energy propels them into the water (diffusion).
Saturations of Solutions
Adding more solid iodine will result in crystals setting at the bottom of the container. The solute is then in equilibrium with the solvent and the molecules of iodine are moving in and out of the solution at equal rates.
Saturations of Solutions
Ionic solids dissolve in water through the breaking of the ionic bonds. If one of the ions is a polyatomic ion, it does not get broken into smaller parts.
(NH4)2SO4 will dissolve as NH4+ SO4=
Saturations of Solutions
saturated solution
equilibrium exists between the solute and the solvent and increasing the amount of the solute has no effect on the saturation
Saturations of Solutions
unsaturated solution
equilibrium concentration has not yet been reached because there is insufficient solute to attain that level
Saturations of Solutions
supersaturated solution
equilibrium is exceeded since the solvent is holding excess solute and a supersaturated solution cannot exist if any excess solute is present in a solid form formed by slowly evaporating the solvent from a solution or lowering the temperature of an unsaturated solution common with gases in liquids such as carbonated beverages
Saturations of Solutions
The saturated solution is regarded as the standard of reference since a supersaturated and an unsaturated solution both try to reach this level. If a crystal of solute is added to a supersaturated solution, it will add to the crystal as it tries to be just saturated. The unsaturated solution will cause molecules or ions of the solute to pass into the solution as it approached equilibrium.
What mass of solute will dissolve in 100mL of water at the following temperatures? Also determine which of the three substances is most soluble in water at 15C.
1. KNO3at 70C
130g / 100mL
2. NaCl at 100C
40g / 100mL
3. NH4Cl at 90C
70g / 100mL