Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY: Abhishek Singh(1) Kumud Sigdel(27) Kunal Kishore(28) Sakshi Chaudhary(40) Siddharth Arya(46) Subhadeep Sarkar(48) Yamini Dixit(51)
John Clancys perspective Theory provides A stable focus To communicate efficiently To keep learning
Contd..
Contributions of scientific management theory
Limitations of Sientific Management Theory
Henry L. Gantt
Emphasis on the motivational factor He originated a charting system for production scheduling, known as Gantt Chart.
Emphasis on the individual Workers welfare and help them to reach their full potential as human workers
for managing such complex organisations as factories. 4 main thinkers contributing to this theory: Henri Fayol Max Weber Mary Parker Follett Chester I. Barnard
Henry Fayol(1841-1925)
He is hailed as the founder of the classical
management theory. He was interested in total organization and focused on management. He considered management as a skill that could be taught once its underlying principles were understood.
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Unity of direction Subordfination of individual interest to the
Common Good
Remuneration Centralization
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The Hierarchy Order Equity Stability of staff
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Initiative Esprit de Corps
Max Weber(1864-1920)
He developed a theory of bureaucratic management He stressed the need for a strictly defined hierarchy
governed by clearly defined regulations and lines of authority. His bureaucratic management model clearly advanced the formation of huge corporations such as Ford.
elements in the framework of classical theory. She focussed on the area of human relations and organizational structure. She was a great believer in the power of the group.
Contd..
Folletts Holistic model of control took into account
not just individuals and groups, but the effects of such environmental factors as politics, economics and biology.
Follett paved the way for management theory to
Chester I. Barnard(1886-1961)
According to Barnard, people
come together in formal organizations to achieve goals they cannot accomplish working alone.
Contd..
According to Barnard, managers should understand
an employees zone of indifference to maintain a balance between individual and organizational purposes. He stressed a lot on the work of executive managers. He described individual worker as the basic strategic factor in an organization.
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administrative and scientific movement was felt. The importance of man behind the machine and the social aspects of workers itself was felt. The human relationship theory or the Neo classical theory tried to compensate for the deficiencies of the classical theory modifying it with insights from behavioural science like psychology, sociology and anthropology.
Hawthrone Experiments
Hawthorne Experiment during 1924 to 1933
by Elton Mayo and his Harvard Colleagues was an extension of this theory which was conducted in Western electrics Hawthorne plant near Chicago.
Hawthorne Effect: The possibility that individuals
singled out for a study may improve their Performance simply because of the added attention they receive from the researchers, rather than because of any specific factors being tested.
Pros
Man is not motivated by money alone, a healthy
morale.
Cons
set of employees.
The experiments lacked a scientific
continuation from the Hawthorne experiments. Behavioural science approach included psychology, sociology, economics and anthropology. Abraham Maslow was the pioneer who developed hierarchy of human needs later many scientists came with their opinions.
direction, self control and creativity then required in their current job.
The managers basis job is to use the untapped
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two are high order needs help to in leash the latent talent and creative skill of the employees.
Systems Approach
System : A system is defined by different elements
that are correlated and its structure always has a specific order.
A simple reunion of elements, without a way of
management views the organization as a unified, purposeful system composed of interrelated parts.
System theory tells us that the activity of any
segment of an organization affects, in varing degrees, the activity of every other segment.
External Environment
Input(Resources)
Human Capital Land Building Technology Information
Output
Goods Services Other
Feedback
Contingency Approach
What is Contingency ?
A Contingency is an event that might happen.
possibility that it might. Good managers need to consider contingencies when making plan.
Contingency Approach
Contingency Theory : It all depends on the situation. Sometimes called the Situational Approach.
Contingency Approach
States that there is no one best way to manage
organization. Because what works for one organization may not work for another. Situational characteristics (Contingencies) differ. Manager need to understand the key contingencies that determine the most effective management practices in a given situation.
Contd
It is the managers task to identify which technique
will
In a particular situation Under particular circumstances And at a particular time
How it is different
The earlier approaches (classical, behavioural etc)
are considered universal perspective because they tried to identify the one best way to manage organisations.
In contrast, contingency theory suggests universal
circumstances.
It is a kind of if & then approach.
It is a practically suited.
Contd
Management policies and procedures should
respond to environment.
Managers should understand that there is no best
Limitations
Complex
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