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Multicellular
Ingestive (heterotrophic)
Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera
Live in both fresh and marine waters Lack true tissues and organs
Phylum Cnidaria
Have diversified into a wide range of both sessile (polyp) and floating (medusa) forms includes jellies, corals, sea anemones and hydras A single opening= functions as both mouth and anus
Nematocyst
Coiled thread
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Cnidocyte
(b)jellies
(a)
. The largest scyphozoans have tentacles more than 100 m long dangling from a bellshaped body up to 2 m in diameter.
c) The sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri). Its poison, which can subdue fish and other large prey, is more potent than cobra venom.
Major classes 1) Turbellaria - Planaria, free-living forms, mostly marine and carnivorous , has two eyespots (ex. Dugesia) 2) Trematoda - liver and blood flukes parasitic 3) Cestoda - tapeworms parasitic,
Turbellarian Turbellarians
Are nearly all free-living and mostly marine
Gastrovascular cavity
Eyespots
Ganglia. Located at the anterior end of the worm, near the main sources of sensory input, is a pair of ganglia, dense clusters of nerve cells.
Ventral nerve cords. From the ganglia, a pair of ventral nerve cords runs the length of the body.
Trematodes
parasitize humans Spend part of their lives in snail hosts
A pair of adult worms of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni; the more slender female worm resides in the gynecophoral canal of the male
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Tapeworm Tapeworms
Are also parasitic and lack a digestive system
Scolex
Hooks Sucker
Figure 33.15
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Phylum Mollusca
have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids Most are marine; some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial are soft-bodied and protected by a hard shell Most have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass The life cycle includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
4 major classes
(b) A sea slug. Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, lost their shell during their evolution.
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Mouth
Figure 33.19
(b) Squids
(a) Octopuses.
Phylum Annelida
Parapodia
Phylum Nematoda: roundworms Nematodes are nonsegmented covered by a tough cuticle Among the most widespread of all animals, nematodes, or roundworms
Are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in the body fluids and tissues of animals
Phylum Nematoda: nematodes The cylindrical bodies are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle Some species- important parasites of plants and animals
25 m
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Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods are segmented ; have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
Figure 33.30
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Class arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites Most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids
50 m
(a) Scorpions have pedipalps that are pincers (b) Dust mites are ubiquitous scavengers in (c) Web-building spiders are generally most active during the daytime. specialized for defense and the capture of human dwellings but are harmless except food. The tip of the tail bears a poisonous to those people who are allergic to them stinger. (colorized SEM).
Have a large number of legs Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs
Are carnivores with jaw-like mandibles Have one pair of legs per trunk segment
ORDER Blattodea Coleoptera Dermaptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Isoptera Lepidoptera Odonata Orthoptera
cockroach beetle Earwig Flies; Horsefly True bugs, cicadas, planthoppers, leafhoppers Wasp, bees, ants termites Moth and butterflies Dragonflies/damselfies Grasshoppers, crickets, locust
ORDER
Phthiraptera
Walking stick
(a) Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take shelter in burrows during the day.
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Figure 33.38c
(c) The jointed appendages projecting from the shells of these barnacles capture organisms and organic particles suspended in the water.
Class Ophiuroidea : Brittle Stars Brittle stars have a distinct central disk
And long, flexible arms
Chordates Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha ::jawless fishes such as lamprey and hagfish Class Chondrichthyes:: cartilaginous fishes such as shark and stingray Class Osteichthyes:: bony fishes such as milkfish and seahorse
Subphylum Vertebrata: classes Class Amphibia (amphibians such frogs, salamanders, caecilians); Class Reptilia (reptiles such as lizard, snake and crocodile); Class Aves (birds such as eagle, penguin and ostrich); and Class Mammalia (mammals such as kangaroo, bats, whale, carabao and monkey).
The end
Table 33.7
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Female
5 These larvae penetrate the skin and blood vessels of humans working in irrigated fields contaminated with infected human feces.
1 mm 2 Blood flukes reproduce sexually in the human host. The fertilized eggs exit the host in feces.
3 The eggs develop in water into ciliated larvae. These larvae infect snails, the intermediate hosts. 4 Asexual reproduction within a snail results in another type of motile larva, which escapes from the snail host.
Snail host
ORDER
Blattodea
4,000
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
Cockroaches have a dorsoventrally flattened body, with legs modified for rapid running. Forewings, when present, are leathery, whereas hind wings are fanlike. Fewer than 40 cockroach species live in houses; the rest exploit habitats ranging from tropical forest floors to caves and deserts.
German
cockroach
Japanese beetle
Coleoptera
350,000
Beetles comprise the most species-rich order of insects. They have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. They have an armored exoskeleton and mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing. Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis.
Dermaptera
1,200
Earwigs are generally nocturnal scavengers. While some species are wingless, others have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. Earwigs have biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Earwig
Diptera
151,000 Dipterans have one pair of wings; the second pair has become modified into balancing organs called halteres. Their head is large and mobile; their mouthparts are adapted for sucking, piercing, or lapping. Dipterans undergo complete metamorphosis. Flies and mosquitoes are among the best-known dipterans, which live as scavengers, predators, and parasites.
Horsefly
Hemiptera
85,000
Hemipterans are so-called true bugs, including bed bugs, assassin bugs, and chinch bugs. (Insects in other orders are sometimes erroneously called bugs.) Hemipterans have two pairs of wings, one pair partly leathery, the other membranous. They have piercing or sucking mouthparts and undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Hymenoptera
125,000
Ants, bees, and wasps are generally highly social insects. They have two pairs of membranous wings, a mobile head, and chewing or sucking mouthparts. The females of many species have a posterior stinging organ. Hymenopterans undergo complete metamorphosis.
Isoptera
2,000
Termites are widespread social insects that produce enormous colonies. It has been estimated that there are 700 kg of termites for every person on Earth! Some termites have two pairs of membranous wings, while others are wingless. They feed on wood with the aid of microbial symbionts carried in specialized chambers in their hindgut.
Termite
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ORDER
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLE
Lepidoptera
5,000
120,000
Butterflies and moths are among the best-known insects. They have two pairs of wings covered with tiny scales. To feed, they uncoil a long proboscis. Most feed on nectar, but some species feed on other substances, including animal blood or tears.
Swallowtail
butterfly
Odonata
Orthoptera
13,000
Dragonflies and damselflies have two pairs of large, membranous wings. They have an elongated abdomen, large, compound eyes, and chewing mouthparts. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis and are active predators.
Grasshoppers, crickets, and their relatives are mostly herbivorous. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, two pairs of wings (one leathery, one membranous), and biting or chewing mouthparts. Males commonly make courtship sounds by rubbing together body parts, such as a ridge on their hind leg. Orthopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Dragonfly
Katydid
Phasmida
2,400
2,600
Stick insects and leaf insects are exquisite mimics of plants. The eggs of some species even mimic seeds of the plants on which the Insects live. Their body is cylindrical or flattened dorsoventrally. They lack forewings but have fanlike hind wings. Their mouthparts are adapted for biting or chewing.
Stick
insect
Phthiraptera
Siphonaptera
2,400
Commonly called sucking lice, these insects spend their entire life as an ectoparasite feeding on the hair or feathers of a single host. Their legs, equipped with clawlike tarsi, are adapted for clinging to their hosts. They lack wings and have reduced eyes. Sucking lice undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals. Their body is wingless and laterally compressed. Their legs are modified for clinging to their hosts and for long-distance jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Thysanura
7,100
450
Silverfish are small, wingless insects with a flattened body and reduced eyes. They live in leaf litter or under bark. They can also infest buildings, where they can become pests.
Flea Silverfish
Trichoptera
The larvae of caddisflies live in streams, where they make houses from sand grains, wood fragments, or other material held together by silk. Adults have two pairs of hairy wings and chewing or lapping mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Caddisfly
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels (Class Bivalvia); squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish (Class Cephalopoda); nudibranchs, snails, slugs, limpets, sea hares and relatives (Class Gastropoda); deep-sea limpet-like creatures (Class Monoplacophora);