Linear Motion

TYPES OF QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITIES / UNIT
Distance / m Speed / ms-1

VECTOR QUANTITIES / UNIT

Displacement / m Velocity / ms-1 Acceleration / ms-2

Linear Motion

Linear motion is a motion in a straight line

THE DEFINITION OF THE

DISTANCE

: the length of the actual path it has followed

DISPLACEMENT : the straight line from the start to the end of movement

Example 1

50 m

Distance Displacement

= 50 m = 50 m in the south-west direction

Example 2

A
3m Calculate : (a)Distance (b)displacement

B
4m

Solution :
(a) Distance = 3 +4 = 7 m
(b) Displacement = 3 + 4 = 7 m in the east direction of A

Example 3

A
3m Calculate : (a)Distance (b)displacement

B
4m

Solution :
(a) Distance = 3 +4 + 4 = 11 m
(b) Displacement = 3 + 4 - 4 = 3 m in the east direction of A

Example 4
40 m

30 m

Distance

= 30 +40 = 70 m =

Displacement

402 302 50 m

in the south-west direction

Example 5

50 m

40 m

30 m
Distance = 50 + 30 = 80 m =

Displacement

502 302 40 m in the south direction

Speed
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time
Or

Speed can also be define as the rate of change of distance

Distance, s (m) speed time, t ( s )

The average speed is calculated by:

total distance travelled average speed time taken

SI unit: m s-1

Velocity

Velocity is the speed in a given direction

Or velocity can also be define as the rate of change of displacement

displaceme nt, s (m) velocity time, t ( s )

The average velocity is calculated by:

total displacement travelled average velocity time taken

SI unit: m s-1

Speed is a scalar quantity and it has magnitude but no direction

but

Velocity is vector quantity which has both magnitude and direction

Example 1

A
5 m in 2 s Calculate : (a)Distance (b)Displacement

B
4 m in 1 s

(c) speed (d) velocity

Solution :
(a) Distance = 5+4 = 9 m (b) Displacement = 5 + 4 = 9 m

9 (c) speed 3 3 m s 1 9 (d )velocity 3 3 m s 1

Example 2 A
4 m in 2 s

4 m in 2 s

Calculate : (a)Distance (b)Displacement

(c) speed (d) velocity

Solution :
(a)Distance = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 m (b) Displacement = 4+ 4 4 4 = 0 m

16 (c ) speed 8 2 m s 1 0 (d )velocity 8 0 m s 1

Example 4
40 m in 3 s

30 m in 7 s
Calculate : (a)Distance (b)Displacement (c) speed (d) velocity

Solution :
(a) Distance = 30 +40 = 70 m (b) Displacement

402 302 50 m =

70 (c ) speed 10 7 m s 1 50 (d )velocity 10 5 m s 1

Example 5
An athlete runs a 100 m track in 10 s. what is his velocity?
Solution :

s velocity, v t 100 10 1 10 m s

Acceleration Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity

change of velocity accelerati on time taken final velocity - initial velocity time taken v u a t

Acceleration is a vector quantity

The acceleration is positive if the velocity increases with time. The acceleration is negative if the velocity decreases with time

Negative acceleration is also called deceleration

SI unit: m s-2

THE DEFINITION OF THE

ACCELERATION : the rate of change of the velocity

DECELERATION : the rate at which the velocity of an object decreases

The car was moved with acceleration

The car was moved with deceleration

Example 1
Using the information below, try to calculate the value of acceleration :

Initial velocity, u = 0 ms-1

Final velocity, v = 50 ms-1 Time taken, t = 10 s

Solution:

vu a t
50 0 10 2 5m s

Example 2
Using the information below, try to calculate the value of acceleration :

Initial velocity, u = 40 ms-1

Final velocity, v = 0 ms-1 Time taken, t = 10 s

Solution:

vu a t

0 40 10 2 4 m s

Example 3

A van accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 15 m s-1 to 20 m s-1 in 2.5 s. What was the acceleration of the van?
Solution: u = 15 m s-1
v = 20 m s-1

t = 2.5 s

vu a t

20 15 2 .5 2 2 .0 m s

Example 4

A runner accelerates at a constant rate from rest and reaches a velocity of 10 m s-1 after 5.0 s. what is his acceleration?
Solution: u = 0 m s-1 ( rest )
v = 10 m s-1

t = 5.0 s

vu a t

10 0 5 2 2 .0 m s

Example 5

A motorcycle, travelling at 40.0 m s-1, takes 10 s to stop. What is its deceleration?

Solution: u = 40 m s-1
v = 0 m s-1 (stop)

t = 10 s

vu a t

0 40 10 2 4 .0 m s

(1) v u at
(2) v u 2as
2 2

1 (3) s (u v)t 2

u = initial velocity v = final velocity t = time s = displacement or distance a = acceleration

1 2 (4) s ut at 2

Fall towards the ground u = 0 m s-1

(1) v u gt
(2) v u 2 gs
2 2

a=g

v = max

1 2 (3) s ut gt 2

g = gravitational acceleration

Thrown vertically upwards v = 0 m s-1

(1) v u gt
(2) v u 2 gs
2 2

a=-g

1 2 (3) s ut gt 2
u = max

Practice 1 A school bus accelerates with an acceleration of 4.0 m s-2 after picking up some student at a bus stop. If bus travelled after 5 s. Calculate the: (a) velocity (b) distance

1 2 (b) s ut at 2 (a) v u at 1 2 05 45 0 4.0 5 2 1 50 m 20.0 m s

u = 0 m s-1 a = 4.0 m s-2 t=5s

Practice 2 In the long jump event, Ahmad was running at a velocity of 5 m s-1 towards the long jump pit. He needed to achieve a velocity of 10 m s-1 after covering a distance of 4.5 m before lifting himself off the ground from the jumping board. Calculate the required acceleration for Ahmad to do so? u = 5 m s-1 v = 10 m s-1 s = 4.5 m

v u 2as
2 2

10 5 2 a 4.5
2 2

a 8 .3 m s

Practice 3

A train moving at 20 m s-1 takes 10 s to accelerate to 25 m s-1. (a) calculate its acceleration. (b) calculate the distance it travels while it accelerates.

u = 20 m s-1 v = 25 m s-1 t = 10 s

(1) v u at 25 20 a(10) 25 20 a 10 2 0.5 m s

1 2 (4) s ut at 2

Practice 4

A car starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 2 m s-2. what is its velocity after 5 s?

Practice 5

A cyclist riding at a velocity of 4 m s-1 braked with uniform deceleration and stopped in 3.6 m. How long did he take to stop.

Practice 6

A car accelerates at a uniform rate from 5 m s-1 to 30 m s-1. The acceleration of the car is 5 m s-2. Find; (a) time taken of car (b) distance car travelled

Practice 7

A stone is thrown vertically upwards at a velocity of 20 m s-1. If the gravitational acceleration is 10 m s-2 and the air resistance is neglected, calculate: (a) the time it will take stone to reach the maximum height (b) the maximum height reached by the stone.

Practice 8

A tap drips into a sink which is 50 cm below the end of the tap. If the gravitational -2 . How acceleration is 10 m s long does it take for each drop to fall?

STUDY OF LINEAR MOTION

USING OF TICKER TIMER

TICKER TIMER

Ticker-timer Ticker tape

Trolley
Track

Wooden block
Power supply

 A common way of analyzing the motion of objects in physics labs is to perform a ticker tape analysis. A long tape is attached to a moving object and threaded through a device that places a tick upon the tape at regular intervals of time. As the object moves, it drags the tape through the "ticker," thus leaving a trail of dots. The trail of dots provides a history of the object's motion and is therefore a representation of the object's motion

The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that time interval.
A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that time interval.

A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that time interval.

Ticker tapes for a fast-moving and a slow-moving object are depicted below.

 The analysis of a ticker tape diagram will also reveal if the object is moving with a constant velocity or with a changing velocity (accelerating).
A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thus an acceleration.

A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore no acceleration.

Ticker tapes for objects moving with a constant velocity and an accelerated motion are shown below.

The ticker timer can be used to determine the following variables:

1.Time interval of motion 2.Displacement of the object 3.Velocity of the object 4.Acceleration of the object 5.Type of motion of the object

Time Interval of Motion

The time interval between one carbon and the next one on the ticker tape is known as 1 dot space of time or 1 tick. The ticker timer vibrates at frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, 50 dots will be marked on the ticker tape in motion in 1 second. One dot space or one tick is the distance 1 second travelled by an object in 50 = 0.02 second

To determine the time interval of motion of the object:

Time interval = Number of tick X 0.02 s

dot tick

Referring to figure: The time interval for 8 tick = 8 x 0.02 s = 0.16 s

 In the analysis of motion using the ticker timer, the displacement of the object is determined by measuring the length of the ticker tape that pulled through the ticker timer. displacement = length of ticker tape

Referring to figure: The displacement for 8 tick = length of the first dot to last dot = 5 cm

Velocity of the object

With the quantities of time interval and displacement, velocity can be calculate using the following equation:

Displacement velocity Time taken Length of ticker tape Number of tick 0.02 s

Refferring to figure:

displacement velocity time taken 5 8 0.02 1 31.25 cms

Acceleration of the object

Direction of motion

s s u v t t 0 .8 1 .8 0.02 0.02 1 40 cm s 90 cm s 1 1 0.4 m s 0.9 m s 1

t 6 1 0.02 0.1 s

v u a t 90 40 0 .1 500 cm s 2 5 m s 2

Direction of motion

s u t 4 5 0.02 1 40 cm s 0 .4 m s
1

s v t 8 5 0.02 80 cm s 1 0.8 m s 1

t 15 5 0.02 0 .2 s

vu a t 80 40 0.2 200 cm s 2 2 m s 2

PRACTICE
Direction of motion

Calculate the acceleration of the object

Direction of motion

Calculate the acceleration of the object

Constant velocity
Direction of motion

acceleration
Direction of motion

deceleration
Direction of motion

Constant velocity then acceleration

Constant velocity then deceleration

Acceleration then constant velocity

Length/cm

Time

Calculation:
(a) displacement = 4+8+12+16+20+24 = 84 cm (b) Time of the motion, t = 6 x 10 x 0.02 = 1.2 s (c) Average velocity displacement
total time 84 1. 2 1 70 cm s

Calculation: (d) acceleration

s u t 4 10 0.02 1 20 cm s 0 .2 m s
1

s v t

t 6 110 0.02

1.0 s 24 vu a 10 0.02 t 1 120 20 120 cm s 1 1 .0 1.20 m s 2 100 cm s

1 .0 m s

Length/cm

PRACTICE
FIND: (a) Displacement (b) Time interval of the motion (c) Average velocity (d) acceleration

Time