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Accelerometers or gyroscopes
Reed switches or light sensors Video camera- mobile eye and IVIEW XHED
DISADVANTAGES
Only User
CONTENTS
Introduction Advantages Electrooculography Eye movement types Electrooculogram Architecture for eye based activity recognition Electrode placement Apparatus Performance Human computer Interface Application Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
The movement patterns of eyes -potential to reveal the activities themselves Instead of sensors here use electrooculography, most advanced form.
Eye movements provide useful information for activity recognition. Elecrooculography is used for tracking eye movements.
Reduces the complexity and cost. Range Linearity Head Movements are Permissible Non-invasive Real-Time
ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY
The electrical signal that can be measured from this field is called the Electrooculogram (EOG).
Change in dipole orientation occurs when the eyes move based on which the measured EOG amplitude varies. Analysing these changes eye movement can be tracked. There are two components, i.e. EOGh and EOGv, based on the horizontal and vertical movement of the eye.
ELECTRODE PLACEMENT
Electrodes A & B are used to measure horizontal eye movements Electrodes C & D measure vertical eye movements Electrode E is the ground
ELECTROOCULOGRAM
Baseline drift is a slow signal change superposing the EOG signal but mostly unrelated to eye movements. Sources- interfering background signals or electrode polarization.
Marginally influences the EOG signal during saccades but influences other eye movements. Wavelet transform-Multilevel 1D decomposition using Daubechies wavelet
Noise Removal
EOG signals
corrupted with noise from different sources, such as the residential power line, the measurement circuitry, electrodes etc.
application of denoising algorithms that make use of structural and temporal knowledge about the signal
Median filter is used with window size Wmf
Algorithm used is Continuous Wavelet Transform- Saccadic Detection(CWT-SD) Computes continuous 1D wavelet coefficients using mother haar wavelet
Amplitude and direction varies as the activity varies. Different threshold levels are fixed for different activities.
E.g.: reading involves a fast sequence of small saccades and a large saccade to jump back the beginning of next line. Humans typically alternate between saccades and fixation. So CWT-SD itself can be used for fixation detection. Uses the fact that gaze points remain stable during fixation and they are cluster together closely in time. Can be detected by thresholding on the dispersion of gaze points
Contd...
Blink detection
Algorithm used is continuous wavelet transform-blink detection(CWT-BD) A blink characterised by a sequence of two large peaks in coefficients; one positive and other negative. The time between two peaks is smaller than minimum time between successive saccades rapidly performed in opposite direction. Two saccades have a small fixation in between them.
It maps the individual saccade information from both EOG components onto a single representation comprised of 24 characters Can be more efficiently processed and analyzed
Wordbook Analysis
Based on the encoded eye movement sequence, it is used to analyse repetitive eye movement patterns.
APPARATUS
Commercial
EOG device- Mobi8 from Twente Medical Systems International(TMSI) Ag/AgCl wet electrodes from Tyco Healthcare placed around the right eye
PERFORMANCE
By
using this technology we get an average precision of 76.1 and an average recall of 70.5.
HCI MODEL
APPLICATIONS
Can be used by physically disabled people who have extremely limited peripheral mobility. hands-free operation of static human-computer Assisted Robots Disease recognition.
LIMITATIONS
only a handful of activities is considered. Precision is found to be only 80%. Additional eye movement characteristics that are potentially useful for activity recognitionsuch as pupil dilation, microsaccades, vestibulo-ocular reflex, or smooth pursuit movementswere not used here because of the difficulty in measuring them with EOG
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1) IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol 33 NO. 4 april 2011 2) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444879
3) P. Turaga, R. Chellappa, V.S. Subrahmanian, and O. Udrea, Machine Recognition of Human Activities: A Survey, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1473-1488, Nov. 2008.
4) 3. S. Mitra and T. Acharya, Gesture Recognition: A Survey, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Rev., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 311-324, May 2007.
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