Mr Sunil Rupjee Asstt Lecturer

First Aid & Emergency Nursing

DEFINITION FIRST AID IS THE IMMEDIATE AND TEMPORARY CARE GIVEN TO AN INJURED OR SICK PERSON UNTIL THE SERVICE OF A DOCTOR OR MEDICAL AID IS MADE AVILABLE

PURPOSE
SAVE AND SUSTAIN LIFE RELIVE PAIN
PROMOTE SPEEDY RECOVERY PREVENT DISABILITY AND DEATH

ARRANGE EARLY AND SPEEDY TRANSPORTATION

QUALITIES OF FIRST AIDER

OBSERVANT
TACTFUL RESOURCEFUL EXPLICIT DISCRIMINATING

GOLDEN RULES OF FIRST AID

BE CALM QUIET AND METHODICAL OBSERVE ALL THE WOUNDS& INJURIES& GIVE FIRST AID ACCORDINGLY WITHOUT LOOSING PATIENCE REASSURE THE CASUALITY DO NOT ALLOW THE CROWD TOGATHER AROUND THE CASUALITY IF BREATHING STOPS GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IMMEDIATELY STOP BLEEDING PREVENT & TREAT SHOCK

GOLDEN RULES CONT

KEEP VICTIM WARM& DO NOT MOVE HIM UNNECESSARILY DO NOT TAKE OFF THE CLOTHES FROM THE BODY OF A SEVERELY INJURED PERSON ARRANGE FOR IMMEDIATE TRANSPORTATION INFORM POLICE ABOUT SERIOUS ACCIDENT

Priorities Of Treatment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Examination & Diagnosis CPR Control Bleeding Treat Shock Immobilise Fracture Treat burns ENT & other injuries Transportation

UNCONCIOUSNESS

UNCONCIOUSNESSOCCURS DUE TO DISTURBAANCE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO INDICATING SERIOUS INJURIES OR DISEASE ELSEWHERE IN THE BODY

TYPES OF UNCONCIOUSNESS
STUPOR A STATE OF SEMI UNCONCIOUSNESS FAINTING TEMPERORY LOSS OF CONCIOSNESS SOMNOLENT A STATE ODROWSINESS OR SLEEPYNESS COMA COMPLETE LOSS OF CONCIOUSNESS

CAUSES OF UNCONCIOUSNESS
REMEMBER A, E, I, O, U

A- ACCIDENT, ALCOHOL,
ASPHYXIA,ANESTHESIA E- ECLAMPSIA, EPILEPSY

I- INJECTION, INSULIN, ,INTERNAL

HAEMORRHAGE O- OPIUM POSION, COMA

U- UREMIA

SIGNS & Symptoms

Pale face & weak pulse Person is restless Extremities & body is cold & clammy Respiration is shallow pulse is rapid & weak Hypo tension present Patient may not respond to stimuli. Dilated pupils not responding to light

First aid in general consciousness

Treatment depends on the cause Try to arouse the causality but do not move unnecessarily as there may be spinal injury. Do not overcrowd. Allow fresh air. Loosen clothes at neck, chest & waist Turn the head to one side side& keep the head low Never give anything orally Give CPR if required Call for help

FAINTING
It is due to insufficient blood supply to the brain CAUSES- Hunger, emotional shock, long standing overcrowding ,fatigue ,bleeding & severe pain S/S-Feels giddy looks pale, collapses on ground ,bradycardia, skin cold & clammy,breathing shallow & rapid F/A-Lay flat.Raise the foot end.Loosen tight clothes.A void overcrowding. Offer hot tea or coffee. If does not recover seek medical aid

EPILEPSY
It is the involuntary contraction of the muscles of body due to disturbed electrical impulses in the brain accompanied by unconsciousness Causes-Head injury, hypoxia,poisoning hyper pyrexia, hypo perfusion S/S Aura or warning stage Tonic stage Clonic stage Recovery stage

FIRST AID IN EPILEPSY

Make the environment safe Do not attempt to stop convulsions Prevent the tongue bite & head injury(place pillow underneath) Wipe the froth Note the time,duration,loss of bowel/bladder,alertness of causality Inform the doctor

HYPOGLYCEMIA
It is condition where in the blood sugar level falls below the normal level affecting the brain

Causes- Insulin overdose, delay in eating rapid use

of carbohydrate due to over exercise

S/S- Weakness,fainting,hunger
Palpitation&muscle cramps Strange action & behavior Sweating profusely Cold clammy skin Rapid bounding pulse

FIRST AID IN HYPO GLYCEMIA

If person unconscious clear airways & place in recovery position If conscious give sugary drinks, sugar lumps , sweets If no improvement send for doctor In hyperglycemia skin is dry, pulse is rapid with acetone breath, urgent hospitalization is required

WOUNDS & HAEMORRHAGE

It is the break in the continuity of skin ,mucosa or viscera by accident or surgery
Wound & Haemorrhage go hand in hand & is usually accidental

TYPES OF WOUNDS
Abrasions
Incised Punctured Lacerated

First Aid in Wounds

Do not touch the wound with bare hand
Wash with running water Apply clean dressing

Elevate the area

Haemorrhage
Heamorrhage is the escape of blood from the blood vessels due to wounds or injury Causes- injury to blood vessels, disease of the vessel wall, disorder of blood Types-Arterial, Venous, Capillary -External, Internal -Primary, Reactionary, Secondary

First Aid
Arterial- Apply pressure dressing firmly, Keep the part elevated Venous- Apply direct pressure and clean dressing, Elevate the part Capillary- Clots on its own, Apply slight direct pressure

First Aid in Specific Haemorrahage

Epistaxis
Mouth and Tongue Haemoptysis Haematemesis Head Injury

Thermal Injuries
Burns- Burns are wounds caused by excessive exposure of the body to heat, liquids, chemicals,electricity or radiation
Scalds- scalds are burns caused by moist vapor or hot liquids.

Signs & Symptoms

Skin appears red, may be blisters are formed, under line tissues get damaged making skin black. Severe pain Victim is restless & thirsty Impending psychogenic & hyphovolemic shock

Degrees of Burn

First Degree- Simple erythema. Skin intact. Very painful Second Degree- Erythema + destruction of epidermis, dermis. Blister formation. Pain. Third Degree- Epidermis + dermis, and even muscles and bones destroyed. Painless, black in appearance. Complicated.

Rule of Nine
Head Trunk Legs Hands Perineum Total - 9% - 36% - 36% - 18% - 1% - 100%

First Aid in Burns

Remember the word Race R- Rescue the victim. A- Alarm & call for help. C- Confine low for cooling fumes. E- Extinguish the fire.

Goals
Stop burning process
Reduce pain

Provide life support Prevent complications Restore function

First Aid in Burns

Stop burning process Remove the source/victim Lay the patient flat Roll the patient in cloth/blanket Bathe under running water Remove constricting cloths Cover with clean cloth Give cool soothing drinks.

Fracture
It is the break in the continuity of the bone

Causes of Fracture
Direct Force
Indirect Force Contracture of muscle Infection

Types of Fracture
Simple/Closed Compound/Open

Complicated
Greenstick Spiral Compressed

Communicated
Transverse Depressed Pathological

Signs& Symptoms
Severe pain at the fracture site Tenderness & Swelling Deformity Loss of function of the part Abnormal mobility Crepitus Shock

First Aid In General

Rescue the victim Control Haemorrhage Immobilise the part using splints Cover open wound with clean cloth Avoid handling injured part Transport the victim

Skull Fracture
Place in supine position Elevate head with pillow too reduce intracranial pressure Turn head to one side .Side of bleeding Control bleeding Shift hospital immediately

Lower Jaw
Place the palm of the hand below the jaw & raise gently to bring lower jaw against the upper Place the head in lateral position slightly elevated Support the jaw with a bandage under the chin

Ribs
First apply bandage below the area of pain and secondly above the site of pain Tie the knot away from the affected side. Apply arm sling. Shift to hospital

Spine
Immobilise on hard surface with head in neutral position Shift the causality as a log too hospital

Pelvis
Lay the casualty in a comfortable position preferably in supine with knees straight. Gently apply two broad bandages around the pelvis overlapping by half with knots away from the part affected .Put pads between ankle & knees. Transfer to hospital.

Dislocation
Meaning Common sites
Signs & Symptoms

First Aid

Sprain
It is tearing of a ligament & tissue around a joint S/S- Pain at joint.Loss of mobility.Swelling & bruising F/A-Elevate the part. Apply cold compress.Immobilize

Crush Injuries
Crush injuries occur when a victim is trapped or crushed by heavy machinery, weight or vehicle S/S-mild contusions,bruises F/A-Relase the victim.Raise affected part.Splint & pad the part.

BY-RATAN PATIDAR