What is a Group?

A group is two or more individuals each aware:

1. Of his or her membership in the group, 2. The others who belong to the group, 3. And their positive interdependence

as they strive to achieve mutual goals A collection of individuals who are interacting with one another. A social unit consisting of two or more persons who perceive themselves as belonging to a group.

Types of Groups
Formal Group
--Organizational Based 1. Command & Task Groups

Informal Group
--Member Based 1. Friendships 2. Interests

What is Group Dynamics ???

Actions and Interactions -- positive and negative -- that occur when individuals become a part of a group. Positive behaviors
1. Help group become more effective 2. Each individuals viewpoints and contributions are sought out and valued

Negative behaviors
1. Cause the group to be less effective 2. Domination and ridicule are evident

Stages of Group Development

A group passes through five lifecycle stages
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

Stages of Group Development

Forming stage. Initial entry of members to a group. Members concerns include:
Getting to know each other. 2. Discovering what is considered acceptable behavior. 3. Determining the groups real task. 4. Defining group rules.
1.

Stages of Group Development

Storming stage. A period of high emotionality and tension among group members. Members concerns include: Formation of coalitions and cliques.
1. 2. 3. 4. Dealing with outside demands. Clarifying membership expectations. Dealing with obstacles to group goals. Understanding members interpersonal styles.

Stages of Group Development

Norming stage.

The point at which the group really begins to come together as a coordinated unit. Members concerns include:
1. Holding the group together. 2. Dealing with divergent views and criticisms. 3. Dealing with a premature sense of accomplishment.

Stages of Group Development

Performing stage.
Marks the emergence of a mature, organized, and well-functioning group.
Members deal with complex tasks and handle internal disagreements in creative ways. Primary challenge is to continue to improve relationships and performance.

Stages of Group Development

Adjourning stage. Particularly important for temporary groups. A well-integrated group is:
1. Able to disband when its work is finished.

2. Willing to work together in the future.

Group Processes
It deals with the processes within the group:
1. The communication patterns within the group. 2. The behavior of the leader. 3. The power dynamics. 4. Conflict within the group.

These are crucial for understanding group behavior. To understand significance of group processes we need to know about synergy, social loafing and social facilitation effect.

Group Processes
Synergy.
Effective groups offer synergy. With synergy, groups accomplish more than the total of the members individual capabilities. Synergy is necessary for organizations to compete effectively and achieve long-term high performance.

Group Processes
Social loafing
Social loafing is the tendency of people to work less hard in a group than they would individually. Reasons for social loafing.
1. Individual contributions are less noticeable in the group context. 2. Some individuals prefer to see others carry the workload.

Group Processes
Social facilitation.
The tendency for a persons behavior to be influenced by the presence of others. Positively affects performance when a person is proficient on the task. Negatively affects task performance when the task is not well-learned.

What is Communication???
In general it is defined as The process by which information is exchanged between Individuals. The process includes the use of written messages, spoken words and gestures.

The Continuum of Communication

Nonverbal Communication Interpersonal Communication Sophisticated Communication technology

Increase in Sophistication

We can see that simple non verbal communication falls at one end of the continuum, while sophisticated communication falls at the other end of the continuum. Interpersonal communication occupies the middle ground.

The Communication Process (Two Way)

Transmission Transmitting the message Encoding The Message Noise Reception of the Message

Decoding the Message

Developing an idea Giving Feedback Sender Feed Back

Acceptance/ Rejection of Message

Using the information Receiver

What is Nonverbal Communication???

It is defined as Non-word human responses like facial expressions and gestures and the perceived characteristics of the environment trough which the human verbal and non- verbal messages are transmitted. Nonverbal communication s broadly classified as body language (kinesics and proxemics) and paralanguage.

Understanding Nonverbal Communication

To understand nonverbal cues : Observe keenly what is happening.

Consider the differences between verbal statements and nonverbal behavior. Look for subtleties in nonverbal behavior.

Types of Communication in Organizations

Downward Communication It is the flow of information from superiors to subordinates. Upward Communication This is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors. Lateral Communication In this type, managers communicate with people in other departments outside their own chain of command. Its also used to coordinate work between departments.

Barriers to Effective Communication

Filtering:
Refers to the manipulation of information by the sender so as to obtain a favorable opinion or response from receiver.

Selective Perception:
A person perceives information on the basis of his needs, values, experience and background.

Defensiveness:
People intentionally attempt to block communication when they feel that the other person is threatening their self-image and prestige.

Barriers to Effective Communication

Language:
Words convey different meanings to different people. Age, education and cultural background are the major factors that influence the use of language by people and the meanings they associate with words.

Communication Technology
The application of IT to communication process has increased the effectiveness of communication in organization. Some of the advances in communication technology are:
1. Management Information Systems (MIS) 2. Electronic Mail 3. Telecommuting 4. Telecommunication Explosion 5. Voice Messaging 6. Video Conferencing

What are Work Teams??? A work team is defined as The collection of People whose individual efforts result in a level of performance which is greater than the sum of their individual contributions. Teams therefore generate synergy by coordinating the efforts of the individual members. Benefits of Work Teams:
Improved Organizational Performance Employee Benefits Reduced Costs Organizational Enhancements

Types of Work Teams

Teams are primarily classified as:
1. Problem Solving Teams 2. Self-Managed Teams 3. Cross-Functional Teams

Problem Solving Teams:

1. One of the earliest forms of teams. 2. These teams meet for a specific number of hours to discuss various ways of improving quality, efficiency and work environment. 3. Generally temporary teams that deal with specific problems.

Types of Work Teams Self Managed Work Teams 1. They are similar to problem solving but with
more autonomy. 2. Their responsibilities include planning and designing work schedules, making operating decisions, and handling various work-related problems.

Cross-Functional Teams
1. They comprise of employees from the same hierarchical level, but from different functional area of the organization. 2. These employees come together to achieve a specific objective.

Types of Work Teams

?
Problem-Solving

Self-Managed

Cross-Functional

Essentials for Building Effective Teams

Providing a supportive environment. Relevant skills and role clarity. Focus on super ordinate goals Team Rewards.

How to shape individuals into team players??? Selection Training Rewards

Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in workforce

Advantages
Multiple perspectives Greater openness to new ideas Multiple interpretations Increased creativity Increased flexibility Increased problem solving skills.

Disadvantages
Ambiguity Complexity Confusion Miscommunication Difficulty in reaching a single agreement Difficulty in agreeing on specific actions.

What is Conflict???
An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties, who perceive incompatible goals, scarce rewards, interference from the other party in achieving their goals. They are in a position of opposition in conjunction with cooperation. Sources of Conflict: 1. Organizational change 2. Personality clashes 3. Differences in value sets 4. Threats to status 5. Perceptual differences

Organizational Conflict
It arises because of rapid and unpredictable change, new technological advances, competition for scarce resources, differences in cultures and belief systems, and the variety of human personalities. Organizational conflict can be broadly divided into two categories:
1. Institutionalized conflict 2. Emergent conflict

Institutionalized Conflict
They arise due to the division of work. Institutional conflict can be divided into five categories:

1. Individual versus individual 2. Individual versus organizational 3.Hierarchical 4.Functional 5.Line versus staff

Emergent Conflict
It arises due to social and personal reasons in an organizational environment. They have been classified into four categories:
1. Individual versus informal group 2. Formal informal 3. Status 4. Political

The Conflict Process

Stage I Stage II Potential opposition Cognition and Or incompatibility personalization Antecedent Conditions Communication Structure Personal Variables Personal conflict Felt conflict Stage V Outcomes
Increases group performance
Decreased group performance

Stage III Intentions Conflict-handling intentions Competing Collaborating Compromising Avoiding Accommodating Stage IV Behavior Overt conflict Partys behavior Others reaction

Approaches to Conflict Management

The techniques to conflict management are: 1. Dominance
2. Avoidance 3. Smoothing 4. Compromise 5. Hierarchical Decision-Making 6. Appeal Procedure 7. System Restructuring 8. Altering Human Variables 9. Problem Solving 10.Bargaining

What is Collaboration???
It is defined as The social behavior in which two or more individuals or groups come together for the achievement of common goals. Collaboration is a win-win condition for all the parties involved and they are all benefited. Collaboration may be functional or dysfunctional. Mutual trust between parties is essential for collaboration to be effective.

Factors Contributing to development of Collaboration

Collaborative motivation Norms of the group Rewards for collaboration Imposition of super-ordinate goals Perception of power Mutual Trust Effective communication Fait accompli Risk taking

Interventions for Collaboration

Interventions or approaches to promote collaboration are broadly classified as: process and structural interventions. Process interventions demonstrate the effect of collaboration through experiments or demonstrations in simulated work areas. Structural interventions actually reinforce and sustain collaborative efforts in the workplace.

Interventions for Collaboration

A few other interventions for collaboration are: 1. Intervention by development of motivation
2. Norm building intervention

3. Intervention by reinforcement 4. Interventions in power related issues 5. Interventions for creating super-ordinate goals 6. Trust building interventions 7. Intervention by communication 8. Team building interventions

Thank You Have a Nice Day