Cellular Respiration 2

Introduction
Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main types of respiration exist in living things. Both begin with glycolysis.
Glycolysis: a process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration): pyruvic acid is broken down without the use of oxygen Oxidative Respiration (aerobic respiration): pyruvic acid is metabolized using oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

Glucose

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Anaerobic Respiration

Glycolysis

Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. It does not require oxygen. Each of its ten is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

Glycolysis

ATP Glucose ADP + P

ATP ADP + P

PGAL
NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 eNADH + H+

PGAL
NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 eNADH + H+

PGAL + P 2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP

PGAL + P 2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP

Pyruvic Acid

Pyruvic Acid

Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation

Fermentation

(Anaerobic Respiration)

Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the use of oxygen. Glycolysis + Fermentation = Anaerobic Respiration The metabolism of pyruvic acid during fermentation does not produce any ATP. Instead, the function of fermentation is to break down pyruvic acid and regenerate NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis.

To Glycolysis

Lactic Acid Fermentation

NADH + H+
Pyruvic Acid

NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 eLactic Acid

Alcoholic Fermentation
NADH + H+ Pyruvic Acid
CO2

NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 eEthyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

Aerobic Respiration
Oxidative Respiration

Aerobic Respiration
The result of glycolysis and aerobic respiration is shown by the reaction: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
outer and inner membrane matrix: dense solution enclosed by inner membrane cristae: the folds of the inner membrane that house the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

Steps:
Conversion of Pyruvic Acid Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Structure of Mitochondrion

Krebs Cycle
The Krebs Cycle is the central biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration. It is named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs. Because citric acid is formed in the process, it is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.

Conversion of PA Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic Acid
C C C

NAD+

NADH + H+
C C

Acetyl-CoA
C

CoA
C C C C C C

CO2

CoA
Oxaloacetic Acid

Citric Acid

C C C C

NAD+ NADH + H+
C

NADH + H+ NAD+
C C C C

CO2

Malic Acid
FADH2 FAD

Ketoglutaric C C C C C Acid NAD+ Succinic Acid

C C C C

NADH + H+ ADP ATP +P CO2

C

Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis, the conversion of PA to acetylCoA, and the Krebs Cycle complete the breakdown of glucose. Up to this point:
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs) 10 NADH + H+ (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the conversion of PA, 6 from Krebs) 2 FADH2 (from Krebs)

Electron Transport Chain

NADH + H+ and FADH2 carry electrons to an electron transport chain, where additional ATP is produced. 10 NADH 30 ATP 2 FADH2 4 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane Matrix
~

ADP + P ATP

NADH + H+ FADH2

NAD+ FAD

Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel

Intermembrane Space ATP synthase

Inner Membrane

Matrix ATP Production

Energy Yield

Energy Yield
Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP.
2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Krebs 34 ATP from ETC

Reasons why ATP yield can be less than 38:

Sometimes energy is required to transport NADH + H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some H+ in chemiosmosis may leak through the membrane.

Energy Yield

Energy Yield
Aerobic Respiration is generally 19 times more efficient than anaerobic respiration. The ATP produced during aerobic respiration represents about 1/2 of the energy stored in a molecule of glucose.