ROBUST TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

ROBUST TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ER.A.K.SINGH
BY:
DEBASIS MISHRA

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
On 10 December 1868, the first traffic lights were installed outside the British Houses of Parliament in London, by the railway engineer J. P. Knight. They resembled railway signals of the time, with semaphore arms and red and green gas lamps for night use. The modern electric traffic light is an American invention. As early as 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah, policeman Lester Wire invented the first redgreen electric traffic lights.

TRAFFIC LIGHTS
Traffic lights are also known as stop lights, traffic lamps, stop-and-go lights, robots or semaphore. These are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. They assign the right of way to road users by the use of lights in standard colors (Red - Amber Green), using a universal color code (and a precise sequence, for those who are color blind).

OBSTACLES
Redundancy is not present Immune to failure due flow of large current Voltage regulation is not proper No augmented circuit is present when main controller fails Improper performance at different temperature points

OBJECTIVEs
Traffic

Robust

To make a robust traffic light controller

Redundancy Voltage regulation Current protection Immune to Temperature fluctuations

Light

Controller MICROCONROLLER

THE BASIC 4 LANE TRAFFIC SIGNAL

STATE DIAGRAM

STATES OF LIGHTS OF LANES

AFTER 50 SEC

AFTER 4 SEC

CYCLIC ROTATION

AFTER 4 SEC

AFTER 50 SEC

Basic modules
Four modules 1. Power supply modules and Battery backup module 2. Microcontroller module 3. Temperature regulated protection module 4. Overvoltage and overcurrent protection module

Module-1

BASIC POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

LM7806

=6V

Module-1

BASIC ZENER REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Voltage regulation or stabilisation circuit Achieved through a ZENER DIODE ZENER break down occurs on applying reverse bias voltage

Module-1

6V BATTERY BACKUP SUPPLY

LM7806

Module-2

ATMEGA 16 SPECIFICATIONS
131 Instructions 32 8-bit GP registers Throughput up to 16 MIPS 16K programmable flash (instructions) 512Bytes EEPROM 1K internal SRAM Timers, serial and parallel I/O, ADC

Module-2

PIN DIAGRAM

Module-2

Module-2

PROGRAMMING PORTS
DDRA=0X00; (PORTA AS INPUT) DDRA=0XFF; (PORTA AS OUTPUT) PORTA=0XFF; (PORTA AS HIGH) DELAY_MS(50); (USER DEFINED FUNCTION) PORTA=0X00; (PORTA AS LOW) DELAY_MS(50);

Unsigned char read_portA; read_portA=PINA;

Module-2

ADVANTAGE OF ATMEGA
Less hardware complexity Less power consumption Faster operation Cheap Programmer

Module-2

BASIC COMMANDS FOR PROGRAMING THE PORTS OF AVR MICROCONTROLLER

HEADER FILE THAT WE USED = AVR/IO.H 4 PORTS ARE = A,B,C,D 3 BASIC COMMANDS TO PROGRAM THE PORTS ARE DDR<PORT NAME>=<hex decimal or binary number> Used to declare ports as input or output port if 1=>output port, 0=>input port DDRA=0b01011100 PORT<PORT NAME>=<hex decimal or binary number> Used to assign output values through port PORTA=0b01011100 PIN<PORT NAME>=<hex decimal or binary number> Used to assign input values through port Eg: PINA=0b01011100

Module-2

SIMULATED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 4 LANE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

Module-2

C CODE FOR 4 LANE

#include <AVR/IO.h> void Delay1s(int i) { int j; volatile unsigned int cnt; for (j=0; j<i; j++) for (cnt = 0; cnt < 55555; cnt++); } void main() { DDRA=0XFF; DDRB=0XFF; DDRC=0XFF; DDRD=0XFF; PORTA=0x01; PORTB=0x01; PORTC=0x01; PORTD=0x01; Program for 1sec delay

Assigning all ports as output ports Initializing values to ports

Module-2
while(1) { PORTA=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTA=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTA=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTA=0x01; PORTB=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTB=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTB=0x02; Delay1s(2); PORTB=0x01;

east

south

Module-2
north PORTC=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTC=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTC=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTC=0x01; PORTD=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTD=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTD=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTD=0x01; } }

west

Loop continues infinite times

Module-2

PROBLEM STATEMENT OF 8 LANE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

QUESTION A vehicle coming from 1 can go in any direction except 2 and 8 which are adjacent to the active lane. This is same for other lanes too.

SOLUTION

We will take 2 lanes are active at a time i.e. let take 1 and 5.

Module-2

SIMULATION FOR 8 LANE

Module-2

C CODE FOR 8 LANE TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER

#include <AVR/IO.h> void Delay1s(int i) { int j; volatile unsigned int cnt; for (j=0; j<i; j++); for (cnt = 0; cnt < 55555; cnt++); } void main() { DDRA=0xFF; DDRB=0xFF; DDRC=0xFF; DDRD=0xFF; PORTA=0x01; PORTB=0x01; PORTC=0x01; PORTD=0x01; PORTA=0x02; Delay1s(4);

while(1) {PORTA=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTA=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTA=0x08; Delay1s(20); PORTA=0x02; PORTB=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTA=0x01; PORTB=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTB=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTB=0x08; Delay1s(20); PORTB=0x02; PORTC=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTB=0x01;

Module-2

Module-2
PORTC=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTC=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTC=0x08; Delay1s(20); PORTC=0x02; PORTD=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTC=0x01; PORTD=0x04; Delay1s(20); PORTD=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTD=0x08; Delay1s(20); PORTD=0x02; PORTA=0x02; Delay1s(4); PORTD=0x01;} }

Module-2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MICROCONTROLLER BACK UP / MASTER SLAVE OPERATION OF MICROCONTROLLER

TEMPERATURE REGULATION PROTECTION MODULE

THERMISTORS : Thermistor is a temperaturesensing element Negative temperature coefficients Chemically stable and not affected by aging

Module- 3

Module- 3

TEMPERATURE REGULATION PROTECTION MODULE

DC FANS : Automatic cooling fans to liberate heat out of the circuits Operation controlled by thermistors Fan Motor 12V 700mA max. Use to cool down heat sinks

Module- 3

TEMPERATURE REGULATION PROTECTION MODULE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Module- 4

POLARITY PROTECTION MODULE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Module- 4

OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION MODULE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Module- 4

Current Limiting Circuits(1A-2A) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Normal operation Output shorted, and no limiting Output shorted, with limiting at 2A Rsense=0.7/(Ilim)

CONCLUSION
Major causes of failure are being countered Microcontroller backup provides redundancy High current and voltage values are made limiting Use of thermistors eliminate the dependency of semiconductors on temperature Sophisticated automatic traffic management is the future aspect of this project

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