NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT 100

HISTORY OF NURSING

HISTORY OF NURSING
Nursing today is far different from nursing as it was practiced years ago and it is expected to continue changing during the 21st century. To comprehend present day nursing and at the same time prepare for the future, one must understand not only past events but also contemporary nursing practice and the sociological and historical factors that affect it.

FOUR PERIODS OF NURSING DEVELOPMENT

Intuitive Period Pre-historic to Christian
Period of Apprentice 6th century through Crusaders in the 11th to 19th Period of Modern Educated Nursing Contemporary Nursing

I. INTUITIVE PERIOD
Instinctive or untaught
Two Theories: 1. Theory of Self-Preservation 2. Animistic and Demonic

Primitive Man: Beliefs and practices of the Prehistoric Man: 1. He was a nomad. He was ruled by the Law of Preservation, with the survival of the fittest. 2. The female member of the family acted as a custodian and a nurse.

3. Illness was attributed to a wide range of possible causes; (external and supernatural) ex., a) sorcery b) magic c) breaking a taboo can cause punishment through a disease. d) intrusion of a disease object e) bodily invasion by a spirit (demonic theory of disease) f) loss of the soul g) dreams

4. Applied primitive measures to treat illness: - amulets - talismans - Shaman or witch doctor

treatments
a. Deprive the sick person of rest and quiet envt. to drive away the evil spirit by; wearing of frightening masks; yells and deafening noises jolting the spirit by shaking, biting, pinching, kicking, pummeling the patient. driving out spirits with obnoxious odors, incense making the patient drink bile-tasting concoctions annoying the spirit by alternately plunging the patient in hot and cold water.

 enticing the spirit to leave the body by placing an object or animal at the patients bedside pacifying the spirit using sacrifices use of objects with magical powers such as fetishes, primitive curved figures presumed to carry supernatural powers. placating the spirits with amulet. use of rhythmic incantations. b. trephination as a last resort, boring a hole into the patients skull using a trephine (sharp stone) to free the entrapped spirit.

c. soul searching ceremony enticing the lost soul to go back into the pts body. Community members gather around the pt. and chant the description of the event. As the soul returns, a palm leaf is tied around the wrist of the pt to prevent the soul from escaping.
d. Herbal medicines use of different herbs from plants or trees.

II. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE

It extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the 6th century through the crusades until 1836 when Pastor Fliedner and his wife established the Deaconess School of Nursing in Kaiserwerth, Germany. A. The Crusades were Holy wars waged in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christs pilgrims to visit the Holy Sepulcher. Military religious orders were established hospitals staffed with men.

Contributions of other countries in the field of Medicine & Nursing; 1. Babylonia was located in what is now Iraq Code of Hammurabi code of laws that contained the rules governing medical practice. a. Sanitation & public health. b. Practice of surgery and bloodletting c. Differentiation between the practice of human medicine & veterinary medicine.

d. Recommended specific doctors for each disease. e. Tables of fees for operations. f. Gave each patient the right to choose among the use of charms, medications or surgical procedures to cure his disease. g. Penalties for violations of the code.

2. Egypt - The Egyptian goddess Isis and her son Herus were regarded as creators of medical arts. They used the medium of dreams to minister to the sick.

a. Hygienic Principles - meat restriction - choice of edible foods - prevention of leprosy - disposing of human excreta b. Art of Embalming c. Papyrus Ebers d. Egyptian Mythology e. Imhotep Egyptian God of Medicine

Papyrus Ebers

3. China

a. Acupuncture - Pan Ku medical god who formed the universe - Hua To exponent of acupuncture, surgeon - Emperor Shen Nung Father of Chinese Medicine, inventor of acupuncture, first to compile herbal medicines - Chang Chung Ching Chinese Hippocrates

b. Materia Medica pharmacology book of treating wounds, infection, and muscular afflictions c. Eating of seaweeds goiter d. Eating of liver iron/anemia e. Opium severe pain f. Ephedrine from Mahung tree asthma and URTI g. Inoculation (introducing an antigen to produce antibodies) powdering smallpox scabs that were blown thru bamboo tubes into the nostrils.

4. India

Vedas source of practice of medicine, surgeries, diseases of nervous and urinary Charaka Samhita team concept Duties of the Nurse: Drug administration Clever, skillful, expert, alert, talented Devoted to the patient Purity of both mind and body

Contributions: Keeping nails short Sweet smelling drugs burned in the OR Nurses being combination of pharmacist, PT, cooks

5. Greece
a. Aesculapius God of Medicine; single serpent staff b. Caduceus insignia of the medical profession c. Hippocrates Father of Medicine - rejected the supernatural as the origin of disease - case taking and recording of findings - reporting of successful and unsuccessful method of medication - no value of care if without an available qualified nurse; only medical students should remain with the client

6. Palestine
a. Unitarian belief in one God who is the source of health and illness b. Hygiene and sanitation; compelled to follow religious orders c. Medical functions were assigned to the priests d. Bathing with water of purification - contagious disease - evil deed - entered house of dead person - Urethritis, gonorrhea

7. Rome

Greek Physicians became war prisoners Translation of Greek terminologies into Latin terms used in Medicine Emperor Verpasian opened school to teach medicine using Greek Fabiola Roman matron established 1st general hospital in 476 AD

B. The Knights
1. Knights of St. John Jerusalem warriors in the battle and nurses in the hospital 2. Knights of St. Lazarus hospitals for the nursing of lepers 3. Teutonic Knights German Knights who converted their tents into Emergency Hospitals 4. Knights of Templers pledged to protect the pilgrim and to care for wounded Christians 5. Alexian Brothers opened school of nursing for men in Chicago

Regular Orders or Religious Nursing Orders

1. Deaconesses earliest order of women in the church concerned with care of the poor and the sick in their homes Qualifications: - Rotating 3 years experience in cooking, housekeeping, laundry and linen, and nursing care for men and women - Preliminary probationary period of 3 months of trial and error for school and students - Character reference from clergyman - Medical certificate - Permission from nearest male relative

2. Augustinian Sisters 3. Poor Claires 4. Beguines household aids, and nursing of the sick 5. Oblates staffed the hospitals of Nightingale after their training 6. Ursuline Sisters car of the sick and education of girls 7. Order of the Holy Ghost 8. Benedictines

D. Early Nursing Saints (12th to 16th century)

1. St. Radegunde- left the palace to build monastery and served patients 2. St. Matilda mold the Good Queen, built hospitals for lepers 3. St. Elizabeth of Hungary Patroness of Nurses; daughter of Hungarian King 4. St. Catherine of Siena First Lady of the Lamp 5. St. Agnes of Bohemia daughter of a royal father who left the palace and gave nursing care to the lepers and the sick 6. St. Hildegarde wrote 2 books on medicine and natural history focused on causes, symptoms, and treatment 7. St. Bridget of Sweden introduced psychosomatic medicine 8. St. Frances of Rome begged for food during plague and starvation

E. Pre-Civil War Nursing (Crimean War)

1. Roman Catholic and Protestants in US and Canada 2. Elizabeth Seton founded Sisters of Charity 3. Harriet Tubman And Sojourner Truth provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to north on the Underground Railroad.

F. Nursing During the Civil War (April 12, 1861)

1. Dorothea Lynde Dix not a nurse but appointed as Superintendent of Female Nurses for US government 2. Mary Ann Bickerdyke widow, nursing wounded soldiers, herb doctor 3. Clara Barton founder of American Red Cross (1882) 4. Louisa may Alcott author and nurse who voluntered to give care to injured soldiers.

G. Dark Period of Nursing (17th to 19th century)

1. Patient were given care in the homes. 2. 4 open hospitals in England 3. No nurses available 4. Illiterate, untrained and uneducated women entered the nursing service 5. Women serving jail sentences were ordered to take care of the sick 6. Doctors handmaiden - Betty Prig and Sairy Gamp took bribes from patients, stole their foods, used alcohol as tranquilizers

III. PERIOD OF EDUCATED MODERN NURSING

A. Florence Nightingale System of Education Florence Nightingale Lady with a Lamp, superintendent of female nursing establishment, Angel of Crimea 1. self-supporting school 2. decent living quarters for students 3. instructors paid both by the hospital and the school 4. correlate theories into practice 5. Focus on the whys and hows of nursing

Other Known Nursing Leaders:

a. Linda Richards - Americas first trained nurse. She is known for introducing nurses notes and doctors orders. She also initiated the practice of wearing uniforms. b. Mary Mahoney - first African American nurse. She worked on the acceptance of African Americans in nursing and for the promotion of equal opportunities. c. Lilian Wald - founder of public health nursing d. Lavinia Dock - campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather than physicians to control their professions. e. Margaret Sanger - founder of planned parenthood.

III. MODERN NURSING

A. Nursing Then 1. Service oriented curriculum 2. 1:6 ratio 3. No textbook 4. No examination 5. No licensing exam 6. House dresses uniforms 7. Dust cap to tuck all the hair under the cap 8. 1875 : no tuition fees; hospitals pay $10/month 9. Concentration on MCN 10. Female nurses for female patients 11. Grading System : quietness, grooming, punctuality, ward management, technical skills 12. Duties: cook, serve meal, wash/iron soiled clothes, carry out orders

B. Nursing Now

1.

BSN 5 years, 4 years, 4 years in summer conceptual approach 2. Different books 3. Quizzes and long exams 4. Licensure exam 5. Required uniforms 6. Tuition and affiliation fees 7. Various fields of nursing 8. Render services to all sexes 9. Grading : clinical competence, academic, personality traits, requirements 10. Comprehensive nursing care for the sick and well

1873: importance of uniform -uniform patterned after Euphemia Van Renssekaer (blue and white striped seersucker, trailing skirts white apron, cellar cuffs and cap 1890: required uniforms with shorter skirts and sleeves 1904: sterile gowns and linens, no masks

IV. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

A. United Nations - International space peace - International security B. WHO - Health information - Improve nutrition - Improve environmental conditions - Improve living standards

Functions of Nurse: 1. Carry out therapeutic program 2. Maintain physical and psychological climate 3. Include patient and family 4. Health teachings 5. Disease prevention 6. Coordinate nursing functions

C. Scientific and Technological Advances 1. Atomic Energy 2. Computers 3. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents 4. Space Medicine - Col. Pearl Tucker- Air Force Nursing 5. Future: hospital satellites

History of Nursing in the Philippines

Early Beliefs and Practices

1. Beliefs about causation of disease
a. Another person (an enemy or a witch) b.Evil Spirits

2. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by person with powers to expel demons. 3. People believed in special gods of healing, with the priest-physician (called word doctors as intermediary. If they uses leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors)

Early Care of the Sick

Herbmen were called Herbiceros meaning one who practiced witchcraft. Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed to be bewitched by the mangkukulam or mangagaway. Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called Pamao) were attributed to nonos. Midwife assisted in childbirth. During labor, the good midwife (Mabuting hilot) was called in. if birth became difficult, witches were supposed to be the cause. To dispense their influence, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.

Health Care During the Spanish Regime

The earliest hospitals established were the following:
1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577) established mainly to care for the Spanish kings soldiers, and also admitted Spanish civilians. It was founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. 2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administers for many years by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy. 3. Hospital de Indio (1586) established by the Franciscan Order, service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.

4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) Established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order. 5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios, support was derived from alms and rents; rendered general health service for the people.

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

The prominent persons involved in nursing works were:
1. Josephine Bracken wife of Dr. Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros and provided nursing care to the wounded night and day. 2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers, during the Philippine American War that broke in 1899. 3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.

4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. 5. Melchora Aquino nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them food and shelter. 6. Capitan Salome a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija who provided care to the wounded when not in combat. 7. Agueda Kahabagan revolutionary leader in Laguna also provided nursing services to her troops. 8. Trinidad Tecson Ina ng Biac na Bato stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers/

 Filipino Red Cross

Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the National Headquarters.

Functions of Filipino Red Cross:

1.Collection of war funds and materials through concerts, charity, bazaars, and voluntary contributions. 2.Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers.

Requirements for membership:

1.At least 14 years old, age requirement for officer was 25 years old. 2.Of sound reputation

Hospitals and Schools of Nursing

1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) 2. St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) 3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907) 4. St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) 5. Mary Johnston Hospital And School Of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing a. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903) b. Mary Chiles Hospiatal School Of Nursing (Manila, 1911) c. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912) 7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913) 8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913) 9. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

 Other schools of Nursing established:

a. Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) b.Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) c. Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923) d.Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing (1930) e. St. Pauls School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946) f. North General Hospital and school of Nursing (1946) g.Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)

The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946) 2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947) 3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

1. Anastacia Giron Tupas First Filipino nurse to hold the position Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association. 2. Cesaria Tan First Filipino to receive Masters degree in Nursing abroad. 3. Socorro Sirilan pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the chief nurse.

4. Rosa Militar a pioneer in school health education 5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza a pioneer in nursing education 6. Socorro Diaz first editor of the PNA magazine called The Message 7. Choncita Ruiz first full time editor of the newly named PNA magazine The Filipino Nurse 8. Loreto Tupaz Dean of the Philippine Nursing; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.

Health Nursing Organizations Early institutions for child welfare:

1. Hospicio de San Jose (Manila, 1782) 2. Asylum of San Jose (Cebu) 3. Asylum of Looban (Manila) 4. Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City) took care of poor girls

5. Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907) Milk station. 6. Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection de la Primera Infancia worked for the passage of child welfare legislations. 7. Public Welfare Board took over the work of the Liga in 1915. Conducted a systematic campaign on child hygiene in 1917.

 Nursing Organizations
1. Philippine Nurses Association national organization of Filipino nurses. 2. National League of Nurses association of nurses employed in Department of Health 3. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines 4. Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, IRNOP, etc.

Definitions of Nursing

Nigthingale - act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. Henderson - the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. ANA - direct, goal oriented and adaptale to the needs of the individual, the family, and the community during health and illness.

Recipients of Nursing
A. Consumers B. Patients C. Clients

Scopes of nursing
A. Promoting Health and Wellness
Facilitates decisions about lifestyle that enhance the quality of life and encourages acceptance of responsibility for ones own health. Increases health awareness by assisting in the understanding that health is more than just not being ill and by teaching that certain behaviors and factors can contribute to or diminish wellness. Teaches wellness skills by promoting decision making so that selfcare activities maximize achievement of goals that are realistic and attainable and by serving as a role model. Encourages the use of wellness resources by providing information and referrals.

B. Preventing Illness
Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women, smoking cessation programs and stressreduction seminars. Community programs and resources that encourage healthy lifestyle, including aerobic exercise classes, swimnastics and physical fitness program. Literature and television information on diet, exercise and the importance of good health program. Health assessments in institutions, clinic, and community settings that identify areas of strength and the potential for illness.

C. Restoring Health
Providing direct care of the person who is ill; by such measures as providing physical care, administering medications and carrying out procedures and treatment. Performing diagnostic measurements and examinations (e.g. taking BP, measuring blood sugars) that detect illness, Referring questions and abnormal findings to other healthcare providers as appropriate. Planning, teaching and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis and stroke. Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs.

D. Caring for the dying giving care and comforting to all people who are dying.

Standards of Nursing Practice

Based on ANA To describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable.

Roles and Functions of the Nurse

Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client Advocate Counselor Change Agent Leader Manager Case Manager Research Consumer

Fields of Opportunities in Nursing

Institutional Nursing Hospital Staff Nursing Community Health Nursing School Nursing Industrial Nursing Independent Nursing Practice Nurses in Education Nursing in other fields

Definition of Terms
Profession - an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge.

Difference of Profession from other occupation

Needs prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed. An orientation toward service Ongoing research Code of ethics Autonomy Professional organization

Criteria of a Profession
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Specialized Education Body of Knowledge Service Orientation Ongoing Research Code of Ethics Autonomy

End of Topic.