*

ENG. Doaa Mahmoud Ahmed

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* Consider the top
layer of the fountain pictured.

Div

* The rate that

water flows out of the fountain's spout is directly related to the amount of water that flows off the top layer.
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* Because something
like water isn't easily compressed like air, if more water is pumped out of the spout, then more water will have to flow over the boundaries of the top layer.

Div

*
* This is essentially
what The Divergence Theorem states: the total the fluid being introduced into a volume is equal to the total fluid flowing out of the boundary of the volume if the quantity of fluid in the volume is constant.

Div

*
* Flowing water can
be considered a vector field because at each point the water has a velocity vector.

* Faster moving

water is represented by a larger vector in our field.

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*The divergence of a vector field simply measures

how much the flow is expanding / compressing at a given point. It does not indicate in which direction the expansion/compression is occurring.

*Hence ,the divergence is a scalar.

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* Analytically divergence of a field is expressed in partial
derivatives:

F = + +

. = + +
* Intuitively, if F has a large positive rate of change in the
direction, the partial derivative with respect to in this direction will be large, increasing total divergence.
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* Calculate the divergence of

= (, , )

F = + +
F = + +

. = + +

() () () . = + +
. = 0 +
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+ 1

= 1 +

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* For a vector F expressed in cylindrical coordinates as:

= + + 1 1 . = + +
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*
* For a vector F expressed in spherical coordinates as:

= + +

1 2 1 1 . = 2 + (sin ) + sin sin 10

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* Imagine a vector field F
represents fluid flow.

curl

*F indicates that the fluid is

circulating around a central axis.

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* Imagine that you immerse a
small (infinitesimal) sphere into the fluid flow,

curl

* Fix the center of the sphere

at some point so that the sphere cannot follow the fluid around.

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* Allow the sphere to rotate in
any direction around its center point.

curl

* The vector field F determines

both in what direction the sphere rotates, and the speed at which it rotates.

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* We can draw the vector
corresponding to curlF as follows:

curl

* We make the length of the vector

curlF proportional to the speed of the sphere's rotation.

* The direction of curlF points along

the axis of rotation, but we need to specify in which direction along this axis the vector should point.
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* To see where curlF should point,
curl the fingers of your right hand in the direction the sphere is rotating,

curl

* your thumb will point in the

direction of curlF .

* curlF is shown by the green

arrow.
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*the curl is a vector operator that describes
the infinitesimal rotation of a 3D vector field.

*At every point in the field, the curl of that

field is represented by a vector.

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*For F composed of [, , ]:

F = + +

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* Take the vector field, which depends
on x and y linearly:

* F =
If we place a paddle wheel anywhere. Using the right-hand rule, we expect the curl to be into the page.

(-z direction)

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F =
= 0 0 +

= 2

* Which is indeed in the negative z direction,

as expected.

* In this case, the curl is actually a constant,

irrespective of position.

* The "amount" of rotation in the above

vector field is the same at any point (x, y).

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* Suppose we now consider a slightly
more complicated vector field:

F = 2

* We might not see any rotation * but if we closely look at the right,
we see a larger field at, say, x=4 than at x=3.

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* Intuitively, if we placed a small
paddle wheel at the right,

* the larger "current" on its right side

would cause the paddlewheel to rotate clockwise,

* which corresponds to a curl in the

negative z direction.

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* By contrast, if we look at a point
on the left and placed a small paddle wheel there,

* the larger "current" on its left side

would cause the paddlewheel to rotate counterclockwise,

* which corresponds to a curl in the

positive z direction.

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* Let's check out our guess by doing the
math:

F = 2

= 0 + 0 + 2 = 2

* Indeed the curl is in the positive z

direction for negative x and in the negative z direction for positive x

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* For a vector F expressed in cylindrical coordinates as:

= + +
1 =

1 1 ( ) = + +
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* For a vector F expressed in spherical coordinates as:

= + +
1 = 2

1 1 1 1 sin + ( ) + sin sin

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