Pulmonary System

Pulmonary System
Quiz:
2.T/F: The internal intercostals are
responsible for elevating the ribcage
during breathing.
3.T/F The lung is attached to the chest
cage at its hilum from the
mediastinum so it does not float in
the thoracic cavity.
4.Give the value of alveolar pressure
during zero reference pressure.
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4. The p in alveoli must be
(higher/lower) than atmospheric p
during inspiration.
5. The fluid-air surface tension elastic
forces of lungs in alveoli increases
when no surfactant is present.
6. The smaller the dm of alveoli, the
greater the alveolar pressure.
7. Total lung capacity is the sum of all
pulmonary volumes.
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8. The air from alveoli is expired first
then the air from dead space areas.
9. What structures surrounding the
walls of upper airways (e.g trachea
and bronchi) provide their rigidy and
prevent their collapse?
10.
 Pulmonary System
Bonus:
• Normal respiratory rate in infants:
– 16-20 cpm
– 20-25 cpm
– 30-35 cpm
– 36-40 cpm
• The ff require respiratory isolation except:
– Measles
– Mumps
– Pertussis
– Rubella
•  
 Pulmonary System
4 Major Functions of Respiration:
2.Pulmonary Ventilation
3.Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between
alveoli and blood
4.Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
and body fluids to and from body’s
tissue cells
5.Regulation of ventilation
Pulmonary System
 Pulmonary System
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation:
B.Ms that Cause Lung Expansion and
Contraction (2)
3.Downward and upward movt of
diaphragm
• In N quiet breathing vs heavy (abs)
2. Elevation and depression of ribs (A-
P)
• 20% > during max inspiration than
 Pulmonary System
Ms of inspiration Ms of expiration
(raise ribcage) (depress)
1. External 1. Abdominal recti
intercostals (1⁰,esp (lower ribs)
upper ribs) 2. Internal
2. SCM (sternum) intercostals
3. Anterior serrati
(ribs)
4. Scalenes (first 2
ribs)
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B. Movt of air in and out of lungs and
pressures that cause movt
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Pleural Pressure- p of fluid in the thin
space bet lung pleura and chest wall
pleura; slightly (-)
= -5 cm H2O (beginning of
inspiration); -7.5 cmH20 (N
inspiration)
Alveolar pressure – p of air inside lung
alveoli
*zero reference p: 0 cm H20 p when
glottis is open vs inspiration (-1 cm
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Transpulmonary (recoil) pressure –
difference bet alveolar and pleural p
(collapse)
vs
Lung compliance (lungs > thoracic
cage)
• Total of B lungs of N adult: 200 mL of
air/cm H20 transpulmonary p (1 cm
H20: 200 mL)
vs thoracic cage (110 ml/cm; ½
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Factors Determining Lung Compliance:
2.Elastic forces of the lung tissue itself
(collagen and elastin) – 1/3
 Pulmonary System
2. Elastic forces caused by surface
tension in alveoli (+ alveolar air-
fluid interface)– 2/3; attempt to
collapse alveoli
vs surfactant (Type II;
phospholipids,etc)- reduces
respiratory ms effort to expand
lungs
* If (+), surface tension bet 5 and 30
dynes/cm
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*respiratory distress syndrome of
newborn

P = 2 x surface tension
radius of alveolus
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Work of Breathing (inspiration)
2.Compliance/elastic work
3.Tissue resistance work
4.Airway resistance work

Energy for Respiration

N quiet (3-5%) vs heavy (50%)
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Activity (Identify the ff):
2.Hinga tapos buga
3.Hinga tapos hinga ng mas malalim
4.Hinga, tapos buga, buga pa
5.Hinga, hinga ng malalim, buga, buga
ng malalim
 Pulmonary System
Answers: Activity
2.Hinga tapos buga – TV and FRC (at
end of N expiration)
3.Hinga tapos hinga ng mas malalim –
IRV and IC (upon N expiration)
4.Hinga, tapos buga, buga pa – ERV
(lumabas) and RV (natira)
5.Hinga, hinga ng malalim, buga, buga
ng malalim (VC)
Pulmonary System
 Pulmonary System
Pulmonary Pulmonary
Volumes (4)*(adult
1.TV = 500ml Capacities
• IC = TV + (4)*
IRV =
male) 3500ml
2. IRV = 3000ml • FRC = ERV + RV =
3. ERV = 1100ml; 2300 ml
only measured • VC = IRV + TV +
directly ERV = 4600 ml
4. RV = FRC – ERV • TLC = VC + RV =
=1200ml FRC + IC = 5800
ml; with greatest
possible effort
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Volumes
and Capacities:
1. gender**
2. body size
3. physical activity
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Minute Respiratory Volume = (RR x
TV)/min = 6 L/min
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Physiology Anatomy of Respiratory
System:
2.Upper respiratory (Nose/nasal cavity)
Fxns:
d.Warming (conchae and septum)
e.Humidification (almost complete)
f. Filtration (partial; upper respiratory)
• Turbulent precipitation (>5 mic) vs
gravitational (1-5 micm)
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* 1⁰F body temp and 2-3% full saturation
with H2O vapor before trachea vs
tracheostomy risk (cool and dry air)
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2. Trachea – (+) cartilage
3. Bronchi – inc less extensive
cartilage plates
4. Bronchioles – (-) cartilage but same
transpulmonary p in alveoli (lesser
but still maintains expansion) +
smooth ms (area usually constricted)
*greater resistance in larger airways
(bronchi and bronchioles than
terminal) vs d/s conditions (terminal)
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Autonomic Regulation of Bronchioles
Sympathetic* Parasympathetic**
•Weak direct control •Vagus n
to bronchioles •Acetylcholine vs
(dilation) atropine during
•Norepinephrine and asthma
epinephrine (from •Bronchial constrictor
adrenal gland reflex and reflexes
medullae ) – control from lungs
to beta adrenergic •Histamine and slow
receptors reactive substance of
anaphylaxis (allergic
asthma; from lungs)
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*mucus and cilia (“power stroke” in
lungs toward pharynx; opposite to
those in nose) in all respiratory
passages (nose → terminal
bronchioles)
5. Lungs – “floats” in the thoracic
cavity but glued to it thru slightly
negative pleural p
*Visceral vs parietal pleura
*pleural fluid for lubrication
6. Thoracic cage
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7. Gas exchange Dead Space
areas
Alveoli Areas*
Nose
Alveolar sacs Pharynx
C.Ducts Trachea
Respiratory
bronchioles
*disadvantageous for removing
expiratory gases from the lungs
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• Alveolar ventilation – rate at which
new air reaches the gas exchange
areas of lungs
= RR x (TV – physiologic dead space volume)
=4200ml/min

vs N dead space volume = 150ml

(young adult man)
* Anatomic vs physiologic (anatomic +
alveolar dead space)
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• Cough reflex (vagus n → mo);
epiglottis closed → open; lower
respiratory areas
vs sneeze reflex (CN V → mo); nasal
a.; uvula depressed to allow air to
pass nose
Vocalization (speech)
d.Phonation (vocal cords closed vs
open in N breathing)
e.Articulation and Resonance
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Ms of Articulator Resonators
Phonation s
Larynx Lips Mouth
(vocal Tongue Nose
folds/cords) Soft palate Associated
nasal
sinuses
Pharynx
Chest cavity
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Pulmonary Circulation – short
vessels
Pulmonary artery (larger compliance:7
ml/mmHg)
vs
Veins
Bronchial vessels(1-2% of total CO) –
goes to L ventricle (has 1-2% greater
volume than R)
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Pressures in the Pulmonary System:
Vessels Systolic Diastolic Blood
R 25 mmHg 0-1 mmHg Vol
ventricle
Pulmonar 25 mmHg 8 mmHg 190 mL
y artery Ave:15
mmHg
Capillary Ave: 7 mmHg 70 mL
L atrial Ave:2 190 mL
and mmHg
pulmonar (recumbe
y vein nt)
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Pulmonary Blood flow
Blood volume of lungs (reservoir*): 450
mL (9% total blood vol; affected
greatly)
↓ O2 level**: systemic response:
vasodilation
pulmonary response:
vasoconstriction (for blood
distribution to areas higher O2 level)
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Pulmonary Zones
* Blood flow greater in bottom of lungs
(5x) than top
Pulmo Systolic Diastolic
Zones
1 (severe - (alveolar p > capillary p)
hemorrhage)

2 (apex of Greater lesser

lung)
3 (base; supine; same same
during heavy
ex,zone 2→3)
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During heavy ex:
2.zone 2→3
3.↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
4.No change in pulmonary arterial
pressure
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Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
Pulmonary Peripheral
1. Capillary pressure: 17 mmHg
7mmHg
2. More (-) interstitial
fluid: -5 to -8 mmHg < 7 mmHg
3. Colloid osmotic p of
interstitial fluid: 14
mmHg
4. Mean filtration p
(outward. Inward)
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Pulmonary Conditions
2.Pulmonary Edema
• Pulmonary edema safety factor
– Acute vs chronic
2. Pleural effusion
Thank you and God bless us all!!!