WCA102 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation

Digital Modulation Introduction

Digital Modulation in Wireless Communications

Agenda
Introductions Who Cares? What is Modulation IQ Modulation Types Filters and How Things Go Wrong Measurements

Advantages of Digital Modulation

Spectral efficiency use of a narrow bandwidth to

send a large amount of data

Effective use of limited frequency resources

Good privacy and security features

Digital encryption techniques may be employed

Lower power consumption

Repeatable, more easily produced Reduced device size

Modulation for Wireless

Media

Carrier

V(t) = A cos(2fc t + )
The 3 essential parameters

Amplitude value Frequency value Phase value

A(t) f(t) (t)

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation

AM radio

Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

FM radio, TV audio signal

TV color image signal (including Amplitude Modulation)

Transmission of a Digital Message

Basically, its the same as Analog Modulation

Methods

ASK:

Amplitude shift keying

FSK:
PSK:

V(t) = A(t) cos(2fc t + )

Frequency shift keying

V(t) = A(t) cos(2f(t) t + )

Phase shift keying

V(t) = A(t) cos(2f(t) t + (t)) Digital modulation: Amplitude, frequency and/or Phase are used to represent a digital state

ASK
Amplitude shift keying

1s or 0s represented by different amplitudes Could be accomplished with an AM system

ASK in IQ domain
ASK(OOK)

I: In phase component Q: Quadrature component

I Q 0 (0) I (1) Q

Amplitude variation on I axis

FSK
Frequency shift keying

Select frequency based on each bit, 0 or 1 Could be done with simple FM system

FSK in IQ
Frequency change causes constant-rate phase change versus the reference carrier Amplitude remains constant on the IQ circle
1 Symbol only turns (ex)

Phase

Time

1Sp

2Sp

3Sp

4Sp

5Sp

If the phase change is 90 degrees in one symbol period, the modulation type is called Minimum Shift Keying (remember this one)

Pos offset

Neg. Offset

Pos. Offset

PSK
Phase shift keying

At the bit transitions invert the phase by 180

Representation of PSK in IQ
PSK

Specifically, BPSK(Binary Phase Shift Keying)

I Q 0

(1)

(0) Q

Change Phase to 180 Relative to reference

Digital Modulation in Modern Wireless Systems

13

Digital Modulation Block Diagram

Raw Data 110101
Compression, Error Correction, Encryption

011010100101

Convert to Symbols

01 10 10 10 01 01

01

00

I - Signal
Low Pass Filter

Q - Signal
10 11

To IQ Modulator

Low Pass Filter

Modulation Mapping

I - Signal Q - Signal Modulation, Upconversion

RF Amplifier

Raw Data Conversion

Raw Data 110101
Compression, Error Correction, Interleaving, Encryption

011010100101

Convert to Symbols

Raw data comes from the user

Digitized voice, keystrokes, jpegs

Compression is employed for efficiency

Error correction is applied for transmission quality

Interleaving creates signal-dropout resistance Encryption is applied for security

Data Bits, to Symbols

Raw Data 110101
Compression, Error Correction, Encryption

011010100101

Convert to Symbols

01 10 10 10 01 01

Symbols are represented by the possible states of

digital modulation Higher order modulation allows more bits per symbol What in the world does that mean?

Mapping symbols to I and Q

IQ Mapping
What is Mapping:

Translate a Symbol to a
point in the IQ space

Example

Q (01) (11) I

01

00

10

11

Modulation Mapping

(00)

(10)

Differential Modulation
QPSK(Quadrature PSK)

Assign the value to points

in IQ Space

DQPSK(Differential QPSK)

The value is based on the

transitions between 2 points

Q (01) (11) I (01)

Q (00) I (11) (10)

00= 0 01= +90 10= -90 11= +180

(00)

(10)

Higher Order Modulation

8PSK(8-PSK)

Assign the value to points

in IQ Space 3 points per symbol

p/4 DQPSK

The value is based on the

transitions between 2 points Eliminates Zero Crossings

Q (001) (111) (000) (101) (010) (110)

(011)
(01) I (100)

(11) (00) I

(10)
00= -45 01= +135 10= -135 11= +45

More Higher Order Modulation

16QAM(16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Each IQ symbol location is represented by 4 data bits 64QAM (64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Each symbol is now worth 5 bits

Q
(000100) (001100) (011100) (010100) (110100) (111100)(101100) (100100)

(000101) (001101) (011101) (010101)

(110101) (111101)(101101) (100101)

Q
(0010) (0110) (1110) (1010)

(000111) (001111) (011111) (010111)

(110111) (111111)(101111) (100111)

(000110) (001110) (011110) (010110)

(110110) (111110)(101110) (100110)

(0011) (0111) (1111) (1011)

(000010) (001010) (011010) (010010)

(110010) (111010)(101010) (100010)

I
(000011) (001011) (011011) (010011) (110011) (111011)(101011) (100011) (000001) (001001) (011001) (010001) (110001) (111001)(101001) (100001)

(0001) (0101) (1101) (1001) (0000) (0100) (1100) (1000)

(000000) (001000) (011000) (010000) (110000) (111000) (101000) (100000)

Why Not Just Keep Going?

Errors in IQ modulation create symbol errors in transmission Vector Errors are created (whats that?) Noise in the transmission channel create symbol errors Inaccuracies in the receiver creates errors Signal-to-noise requirements increase with higher order modulations

(0010)

(0110)

(1110)

(1010)

Q (01) (11)

(0011)

(0111)

(1111)

(1011)

(0001)

(0101)

(1101)

(1001)

I
(0000) (0100) (1100) (1000)

(00)

(10)

The Worlds Most Popular Modulation

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Gaussian Filtered Form of FSK Sum of I and Q results in a constant amplitude circle

Symbol Rate and Bit Rate

Modulation type determines number of bits per symbol BPSK 1 bit/symbol DBPSK 1 bit/symbol QPSK 2 bit/symbol p/4 DQPSK 2 bit/symbol DQPSK 2 bit/symbol 8PSK 3 bit/symbol 16QAM 4 bit/symbol 64QAM 5 bit/symbol 256QAM 6 bit/symbol For a fixed symbol rate, having more bits will provide a faster

transfer rate Setting up a WCA requires you to know the modulation type and symbol rate, not the bit rate

Others (for evening reading.)

32QAM

ADSL etc Microwave

HPSK

256QAM

Hybrid Phase Shift Keying Also known as

Communication Some Cable Modem 1024QAM Still experimental OQPSK Offset QPSK Used to avoid zero crossings DQPSK

Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OCQPSK) Used in CDMA2000 (1xRTT) reverse link VSB Vestigial Side Band 8VSB, 16VSB US Digital Broadcast TV

Filters, For Spectrum Control

01 00

I - Signal
Low Pass Filter

Q - Signal
10 11

To IQ Modulator

Low Pass Filter

Modulation Mapping

Sources of Error
Raw Data 110101
Compression, Error Correction, Encryption

011010100101

Convert to Symbols

01 10 10 10 01 01

01

00

I - Signal
Low Pass Filter

Q - Signal
10 11

To IQ Modulator

Low Pass Filter

Modulation Mapping

I - Signal Q - Signal Modulation, Upconversion

RF Amplifier

Sources of Error
IQ Quadrature modulation
cos(2fct)
I
LPF

fc
BPF
90 90 90

LPF

sin(2fct)

Errors Receiving the Signal

IQ Quadrature demodulation
cos(2fct)
LPF

fc
BPF
90 90 90

LPF

sin(2fct)

This could be your customers receiver, or it could be a

WCA vector spectrum analyzer

Common Measurements

29

What data was sent?

Data Display Time vs.

Amplitude Error Summary

Error Summary
Error Vector

Magnitude Magnitude and Phase Error Freq. Error IQ offset

Modulation Errors vs. Time

Amplitude errors

correlated to EVM WCA is especially good at this

What can a WCA do?

Modulation types
Tektronix Wireless Communication Analyzer WCA230A / WCA280A Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, Pai/4 Shift DQPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, GMSK, GFSK to 12.8 Msps Measurement Filter: Root Cosine Reference Filter: Cosine, Gauss Filter Parameter: /BT 0.0001 to 1, 0.0001 step PDC, PHS, NADC, TETRA, GSM, CDPD, Bluetooth W-CDMA Downlink(opt.22), W-CDMA Uplink(opt.23), GSM/EDGE(opt.24)

Symbol rates
Filter types

Symbol rates Filter types

One button setups

Standards
One button setups

Standards

Summary
Digital modulation is cheaper, faster, more accurate,

more efficient, more secure Higher order modulation is used for greater transmission rates in the same spectrum occupancy Higher order modulation is more susceptible to noise Baseband filters are used to control spectrum Wireless Communications Analyzers are used to evaluate modulation quality

WCA is particularly good at connecting effects in

multiple domains

Product Line Contact Information

Dedicated Regional Contacts Worldwide Factory Contacts

Kurt Krukenberg
phone: +1 503-627-5039
Regional Product Manager Americas

Dave McDonald
phone: +1 503-627-1279
TSC Primary Contact WCA200A and WCA300

Dean Miles
phone: +44 1344-392249
Regional Product Manager EMEA

Tommy Sakurada
phone: +81 3-3448-3272
Product Manager WCA200A & Wireless Apps

Charles Wu
phone: +852 258-56774
Product Line Representative Asia/PacRim

Jerry Harris
phone: +1 503-627-4827
Product Manager WCA300 & Non-Wireless Apps

Slide Archive (extras)

36

Filters Alter The Signal

01 00

I - Signal
Low Pass Filter

Q - Signal
10

To IQ Modulator

11

Low Pass Filter

Modulation Mapping

Common Filter Types

Gaussian

Raised Cosine

Root Raised Cosine

Setting up the WCA requires

knowledge of what filter is used

Effect of Roll-off
Usually is between 0.2 - 0.5 determines the bandwidth
BW = (1+) *Symbol rate

=0.0

=1.0

Put IQ on the Carrier Wave

IQ Quadrature modulation
cos(2fct)
I
LPF

fc
BPF
90 90 90

LPF

sin(2fct)

Structure of Tx/Rx
Encode
Data stream Scrambling Error correction encoding Interleaving 1st Interleaving 2nd

IQ mapping

IQ modulation

IQ demodulation

IQ de-mapping

De-interleaving 2nd

De-interleaving 1st

Error correction decoding

Scrambling

Data stream