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WELCOME

Introduction of communicable disease

DR. VIKASH KUMAR PULAIYA MBA(HA)

Communicable diseases
Communicable diseases are diseases that are as a result of the causative organism spreading from one person to another or from animals to people. These diseases affect people of all ages but more so children due to their exposure to environmental conditions that support the spread.

common characteristics of importance


They are very common Some of the cause death and disability Some of the cause epidemics Most of them are preventable fairly simple interventions Many of the affect infants and children

Diseases caused by Faecal oral contamination

TYPHOID FEVER CHOLERA VIRAL HEPATITIS ACUT GASTROENTERITIS DYSENTARY AMOEBIC DYSENTARY GIARDIASIS WORMS POLIOMYELITIS FOOD POISONING

AIR BORNS INFECTIONS - TB


DISEASES SPREAD FAECES TO SKIN UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

HOOKWORMS TETANUS

TONSILITIS PNEUMONIA SMALL POX

CONTACT INFECTION
SCABIES SKIN SEPSIS IMPETIGO RINGWORM OR TINEA CONJUNCTIVTIS TROCHOMA

INSECTS AND ANIMAL BITES


MALARIA DENGUE RABIES

MIXED INFECTIONS
LAPROSY

BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Definition

Epidemiology is the study of distribution and determinants of disease and conditions among populations.

Disease distribution is considered in terms of Persons, time and place (Who, when and where). Persons who are affected by disease in terms of age, sex, race, occupation etc. he common characteristics relating to those persons affected by disease.

Disease determinant factors


AGENT

VECTOR
HOST ENVIRON MENT

Agent refers to the disease causing organism characteristics e.g. habitation, breeding migration, infectivity, climatic and environmental factors favoring its existence. Host refers to the biological makeup of the individuals that make the vulnerable to the specified illness e.g. physical condition, genetic make up, habits etc. Environment refers to the ecological conditions that favor the interaction of host and agent e.g. swampy areas, bushes within house holds, sanitation etc.

Definition

The host, agent and environmental factors have to be conducive for the disease to occur. All communicable disease requires that the three factors are present for individuals to be affected.

Disease transmission
1) 2) 3) Direct contact for example sexual contact Vectors like mosquitoes Faecal oral (ingesting contaminated food and water) Airbone Transplacental (mother to foetus) Blood contact (transfusion, surgery, injection) Contact with animals or their products that are infected. 8) Susceptible host is an individual who has low resistance to particular disease. This may be due to various factors such as; 9) Lack of previous contact with the disease hence no immune cells 10) Immuno suppressive illnesses such as AIDS 11) Malnutrition 12) Drugs that a person may be consuming.

4) 5)
6)

7)

Control and prevention measures


Each and every communicable disease has its own unique source, route of transmission and susceptible hosts. The principles of control and prevention should be geared to wards Attacking the source of the disease causing organism Interrupting the transmission cycle Protecting the susceptible host. Example In the case of malaria we can attack the source by clearing and praying mosquito breeding sites, we interrupt the transmission route by spraying and killing the mosquitoe hence the causative organism and lastly we can protect the susceptible host by giving prophylactic medications, sleeping under mosquito nets etc.

DR.VIKASH KUMAR PULAIYA MBA(HA)

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