14 - Routing Protocols & Configuration

14 - Routing Protocols & Configuration
By Muhammad Asghar Khan

Reference: CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide By Wendell Odom
1/2
Agenda
Network Routes
Connected Routes Static Routes Default Routes
Routing Protocols Overview
Routing Metrics Hop Count Bandwidth Delay Reliability Maximum Transmission Unit Cost
www.asghars.blogspot.com
2/2
Agenda
Routing Methods Distance Vector Routing Link-State Routing
Comparing IP Routing Protocols RIP-2
Configuring RIP-2
1/4
Network Routes
There are three types of network routes:
Connected Routes Static Routes Default Routes A router adds routes to its routing table for the subnets connected to each of the routers interfaces For this, the router must have an IP address and mask configured on the interface (statically with the ip address command or dynamically using DHCP) and both interface status codes must be up The show ip route command can be used to verify the connected routes
Connected Routes

2/4
Network Routes
Static Routes

Static routes are manually defined on a router Static routes are best suited for small networks, such as LANs, where routes rarely change You can configure static routes using the ip route command in global configuration mode
3/4
Network Routes

To remove a static route, you can use the no prefix with the ip route command The show ip route static command lists only statically configured IP routes Default route is a special static route If the router does not match any routes, the router discards the packet A default route is a route that is considered to match all destination IP addresses With a default route, when a packets destination IP address does not match any other routes, the router uses the default route for forwarding the packet
Default Routes
4/4
Network Routes

Default routes work best when router with a single serial link connecting it to the rest of the enterprise network The ip route command with a special IP and mask value, each 0.0.0.0 is used to define the default route, which means match all packets The show ip route command output lists a code of S just like other static routes, but with an * as well. The * means that the route might be used as the default route
You could use static routes, static default routes, on all routers in an internetwork However, most enterprises use a dynamic routing protocol to learn all the routes
7 www.asghars.blogspot.com
1/7
IP routing protocols have one primary goal: to fill the IP routing table with the current best routes it can find Several routing protocols exist. The most widely used routing protocols used are:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Routing protocols use different metrics to evaluate the quality of a route
2/7
Hop Count Hop count is the number of routers that need to be traversed to get to the destination network Routing protocols prefer routes with fewer hops RIP uses the hop count metric to choose network routes Bandwidth Bandwidth is the throughput of the network route to the destination Routing protocols prefer routes with larger bandwidth EIGRP uses the bandwidth metric to pick network routes
3/7
Delay Delay is the time it takes a data packet to reach the destination EIGRP uses the delay metric to pick network routes Reliability Reliability is the percentage of time the route is available EIGRP considers the reliability metric to pick network routes Maximum Transmission Unit MTU is the size, in bytes, of each data packet EIGRP considers the MTU metric to pick network routes. EIGRP prefers routes with higher MTU
10
4/7
Cost Cost is calculated based on the bandwidth of a network route Cost is 108/bandwidth The OSPF protocol considers the cost metric to pick network routes. OSPF prefers routes with lower cost
Routing protocols also use different methods to exchange information about network routes
Distance Vector Routing Some routing protocols use the distance to a network to evaluate the quality of a network route Shorter routes (routes with fewer hops) are considered better than longer routes
11
5/7
12
The initial routing information exchange between routers is called convergence When routers finish exchanging data about networks and routes they know, the routers have converged The convergence process can be fairly long in larger networks That is one reason why it is not best practice to enable distance vector routing protocols on core layer routers Distance vector routing protocols send updates that contain the whole routing table, this consumes more resources Distance vector routing is best suited for access or distribution layer routers
6/7

Distance vector routing can cause routing loops Distance vector routing is used by the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) IGRP is no longer supported by Cisco. It has been replaced by EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP) Link-State Routing Link-state routing protocols build their routing tables independently based on route updates they receive from their neighbors Link-state protocols do not merge the routing tables of neighbor routers
13
7/7

This initial exchange is called the convergence process Because link-state protocols do not merge their routing tables, they converge faster than distance vector protocols It is best practice to use link-state routing protocols or hybrid protocols on core layer routers The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol uses link state routing
14
1/2
Comparing IP Routing Protocols
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
IP routing protocols fall into one of two major categories: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP): A routing protocol that was designed and intended for use inside a single autonomous system Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP): A routing protocol that was designed and intended for use between different autonomous systems
Each autonomous system can be assigned a number, called an autonomous system number (ASN) Like public IP addresses, ICANN controls the worldwide rights to assign ASNs
2/2
Comparing IP Routing Protocols
Routing protocols that must consider class rules are called classful routing protocols; those that do not need to consider class rules are called classless routing protocol Classless routing protocols and classful routing protocols are identified by the following three criteria
16
1/4
Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2)
Routers using RIP-2 (Distance Vector Algorithm) advertise a small amount of simple information about each subnet to their neighbors Their neighbors in turn advertise the information to their neighbors, and so on, until all routers have learned the information The figure on next slide shows RIP-2 advertising a subnet number, mask, and metric to its neighbors
17
2/4
18
3/4

1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Router R2 learns a connected route for subnet 172.16.3.0/24 R2 sends a routing update to its neighbors, listing a subnet (172.16.3.0), mask (/24), and a distance, or metric (1 in this case) R3 hears the routing update, and adds a route to its routing table for subnet 172.16.3.0/24, referring to R2 as the nexthop router Around the same time, R1 also hears the routing update sent directly to R1 by R2. R1 then adds a route to its routing table for subnet 172.16.3.0/24, referring to R2 as the next-hop router R1 and R3 then send a routing update to each other, for subnet 172.16.3.0/24, metric 2
19
4/4
Distance vector protocols such as RIP-2 repeat this process continually on a periodic basis The previous example shows the basics of one routing protocol
20
1/5
Configuring RIP-2
The following steps can be used to configure the RIP-2

Move into RIP configuration mode Use RIP Version 2 exclusively 2 1
Enable RIP on the correct interfaces, only uses a classful network number as its one parameter. 3 RIP configuration does not provide a way to enable RIP on only some of the interfaces in a single Class A, B, or C, as it enables it on the basis of subnet number, to disable the sending of RIP updates on Fa0/1 using the passive-interface RIP subcommand
2/5
Configuring RIP-2
Three show commands can be used to confirm RIP-2 is working

show ip interface brief show ip route [rip] show ip protocols
22
3/5
Configuring RIP-2
The best way to understand whether RIP is doing its job is to use the debug ip rip command This enables the router to generate log messages each time the router sends and receives a RIP update Before using the debug command, it is helpful to look at the routers CPU utilization with the show process command
23
4/5
Configuring RIP-2
If CPU utilization is above 30 to 40 percent, be very cautious when enabling debug options, as this may drive the CPU to the point of impacting packet forwarding In some cases, internetworks use multiple IP routing protocols. In such cases, a router might learn of multiple routes to a particular subnet using different routing protocols In these cases, the metric does not help the router choose which route is best, because each routing protocol uses a metric unique to that routing protocol The router still needs to choose the best route, so IOS solves this problem by assigning a numeric value to each routing protocol IOS then chooses the route whose routing protocol has the lower number
5/5
Configuring RIP-2

This number is called the administrative distance (AD) Table lists the AD values for the most common sources of routing information
25

14 - Routing Protocols &amp; Configuration

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

14 - Routing Protocols &amp; Configuration

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

14 - Routing Protocols & Configuration

By Muhammad Asghar Khan

Connected Routes Static Routes Default Routes

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Methods Distance Vector Routing Link-State Routing

Comparing IP Routing Protocols RIP-2

There are three types of network routes:

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing protocols use different metrics to evaluate the quality of a route

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Protocols Overview

Routing Protocols Overview

Comparing IP Routing Protocols

Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols

Comparing IP Routing Protocols

Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2)

The following steps can be used to configure the RIP-2

Three show commands can be used to confirm RIP-2 is working

show ip interface brief show ip route [rip] show ip protocols

You might also like

14 - Routing Protocols & Configuration

14 - Routing Protocols & Configuration