Background

Cellular phones entered commercial service in North America in 1983 AMPS: the first generation of cellular system Three ways to expand the capacity of a cellular system:
Move into new spectrum bands Split existing cells into smaller cells Propose new technology to make more efficient use of existing bandwidth and base stations

IS-54 (since 1992) was created after GSM, it support dual mode access capability NA-TDMA is specified in IS-136 (since 1996)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

TDMA is a digital transmission technology that Allows a number of users to access single radio Frequency channel without interference by allocating Unique time slot to each user

Architecture
NA-TDMA is an extension of AMPS IS-136 systems are capable of operating with AMPS terminals, dual mode terminals, and all-digital terminals In dual mode 21 channels available in AMPS are used for both analog voice and digital data Development of NA-TDMA is done in two phases

PHASE ONE
Taking care of analog voice transmission & handoff procedures

SECOND PHASE
Generation of new digital set up channels for data transmission Specifying a data-service signal protocol for Transmitting data

TDMA STRUCTURE (digital signal)

One digital channel is of 30 KHZ bandwidth & contains 25 frames /sec Each frame takes 40ms and it contains six slots, each slot can carry 324bits (162 symbols)

Each time slot carries 324 bits, so that the data rate per carrier is 324 x 6 / 40 ms = 48.6 kb/s

Based on usage of slots in frame divided as full rate & half rate

they are

In full rate single channel utilizes 2 slots in frame (slots 1 and 4, slots 2 and 5, slots 3 and 6) and the bit rate is 16.2 kb/s

In half rate ingle channel utilizes single slot in frame & bit rate is 8.1kb/s

POWER LEVELS
In AMPS there are eight power levels and in TDMA there are additional three power levels Totally NA-TDMA contains 11 power levels In carrier off condition the power of transmitting antenna must fall to -8 db and in on condition it should be 3 db

SPEECH CODING
Coding technique used here is VSELP(vector sum excited linear prediction) Speech is converted into digital format by using DAC before it is level adjusted and band pass filtered Digital speech is broken into frames, each frame is 20ms long and contains 160 symbols

VSELP speech decoder consist of two major parts they are pulse excitation & waveform synthesis

MODULATION
It utilizes constant envelope modulation with /4-shifted Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Bit stream of digital voice is converted into streams of odd & even places bit stream The rotation 0f pie/4occurs alternately at odd and even state regularly

Input digital voice be bm & separated digital even & odd bit streams be X & Y respectively

RELATIONS

Ik=Ik-1cos[ (Xk,YK)]- Qk-1sin[ (Xk,YK)] Qk=Ik-1sin[ (Xk,YK)]+ Qk-1cos[ (Xk,YK)]

(0,1)

(0,0)

(1.1)

(1,0)

The phase change is determined by the following table

X 1 0 0 Y 1 1 0 (even state) -3/4 pie 3/4 pie Pie/4 (odd state) pie Pie/2 0

-pie/4

-pie/2

TIME ALIGNMENT & INITIALISATION

It is necessary to control the Tdma time slot burst in Tx or Rx so that it arrives In proper time An error in time causes overlap in two signals head or tail of a time slot Mobile station receives an initial traffic channel designation message ,then moves to traffic channel Mobile station synchronizes forward traffic channel first for which it sends shortened burst frames

G1 3 sym length guard time , R 3 sym length guard time D ,

G2 22 sym length guard time S 14 sym length sync work

6 sym length coded digital verification color code, W 8 0 bits, X 12 0 bits , Y 16 0 bits

V 4 0 bits,

ERROR CORRECTIONS
Convolutional Code to protect more vulnerable of speech

Interleaving the transmitted data for each speech frame it reduces burst errors due to Rayleigh fading

Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC)

Here we are using 7 bit CRC code in error detecting

SPEECH DATA CLASSES

160 bit speech frame is divided into two frames

Class1 Class2
Class 1

77bits 83 bits

These are important bits to which the convolution code is applied, Among 77 bits 12 are most peculiar bits in which 7 bits CRC is used for error detection

Class 2 These bits are unimportant bits & transmitted without any error protection

ANY
QUERIES