PROGRAM SKOR A SPM BIOLOGI KERTAS 2 4551/2 28/4/2011

Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation

Label

structure of organelles in the cell Functions of organelles -chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, golgi apparatus, ribosome, mitochondrion, endoplasmic recticulum, Cell organisation -cell tissue organ system organism

Chapter 3 Movements of substances across plasma membrane

Label

structure of plasma membrane Passive transport osmosis, simple diffusion Active transport Concentration of solution hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic Condition of cell flaccid, turgid, plasmolysis, crenation

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of the Cell

Carbohydrates

-monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Proteins -structures, essential and non-essential amino acids -first and second class protein Lipids -triglyceride, saturated and unsaturated fats Condensation and hydrolysis Enzymes -lock and key hypothesis -characteristics of enzymes and synthesis of enzyme -intracellular and extracellular enzyme Factors affecting the activity of enzyme (experiment)

Chapter 5 Cell Division

Cell

cycle -interphase (G1, S and G2), M phase (mitosis and Cytokinesis) -mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase), behavior of chromosomes in each phase -cytokinesis in plant and animal cell Role of mitosis Importance of cloning, pros and cons of cloning Meiosis -characteristics of chromosome during meiosis I and II -crossing over, variation Compare and contrast between mitosis and meiosis Role of meiosis

Chapter 6 Nutrition
Autotrophs

and heterotrophs Balance diet, energy requirement Energy value, Vit. C (experiment) Malnutrition -deficiency and excessive intake of nutrient Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in human being Comparison digestion between human beings, ruminants and rodents Absorption and assimilation of food -structure of villus (draw), absorption of digested nutrient Formation of faeces and defaecation Problems related to eating habits gastritis, obesity, anorexia nervosa and bulimia

 light and dark reaction Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis (experiment) Technology in food production - direct seeding, hydroponic, aeroponic, breeding of plants and animals, tissue culture, biological control, genetic engineering Technology in food processing and preserving - cooking, fermentation process, drying, pickling, treating food with salt or sugar
Photosynthesis

Chapter 7 Respiration
Aerobic

respiration Anaerobic respiration -comparison between aerobic and anaerobic Respiratory structures and adaptations in unicellular organisms, insects, fish, frogs and human beings Breathing mechanisms in human being inhalation and exhalation Gaseous exchange across the respiratory surfaces J tube experiment to measure the content of inhale and exhale air Regulatory mechanism in respiration ve feedback mechanism Respiration in plants stomata and lenticels

Chapter 8 Dynamic ecosystem

Biotic

and abiotic component, food chain, food web and trophic level Interaction between organisms symbiosis, saprophytism, prey-predator, competition Colonisation and succession pond and barren land Problems and adaptation face by mangrove swamps Quadrat sampling technique (plant) Capture, mark, release and recapture technique (animals) Impact of microorganisms on life (good and bad) - nitrogen cycle, decomposition, alimentary tract - food spoilage and cause diseases -production of antibiotics, energy, cleaning oil spills, waste treatment, bioplastic and food processing

Chapter 9 Endangered Ecosystem

Human

activities that destroy ecosystem -deforestation, burning of fossil fuels. Overuse of fertiliser, dumping of domestic and industrial waste Pollution air ( acid rain), water (eutrophication) Greenhouse effect Thinning of ozone layer Ways to maintain a balance ecosystem

F5 Chapter 1 Transport
TSA/V Medium,

vessel and pump Function of blood transport Compare between blood vessel (artery, vein and capillaries) Structures of heart and functions Circulatory systems in insect, fish, frogs and human being Blood clotting mechanisms and problems Interstitial fluid, lymph and lymphatic system First, second and third line of defence mechanisms Translocation and transpiration Opening and closing of stomata Factors affecting the rate of transpiration

Chapter 2 Locomotion and support

Human

skeleton (axial and appendicular) Structure of joint Locomotion in grasshopper, earthworms, fish, amphibian, bird Impaired musculoskeletal system (osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, arthritis) Support in plant (aquatic and terrestrial plant)

Chapter 3 Coordination and Response

Pathway

of coordination Brain, spinal cord, neurones, synapse, reflex arc Endocrine glands and hormones (imbalance effects) Kidneys, formation of urine (ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion) Osmoregulation, blood sugar level and body temperature Plant hormones (auxin and ethylene)

Chapter 4 Reproduction
Spermatogenesis

and oogenesis Role of hormones in menstrual cycle Development of zygote, placenta and twins Development of pollen and ovule, double fertilisation Growth curve (human and insects) Primary and secondary growth

Chapter 5 Inheritance
Monohybrid

and dihybrid inheritance Mendels first and second low ABO blood group, Rhesus factor, sex-linked inheritance Structure of chromosomes and gene (nucleotides) Applications of knowledge in genetics (selective breeding , genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, human genome project)

Chapter 6 Variations
Continuous

and discontinuous variation Genetic and environmental factors Crossing-over, independent assortment, random fertilisation and mutation Chromosomal mutation (structure, number) Gene mutation

1. Name of organelles and their function Chloroplast absorbs light energy and convert it into chemical energy Golgi apparatus modified, packaged and transported protein Vacuole maintain and control the osmotic pressure in the cell 2. Explain what is tissue and organ Organ contains a group of different tissues Tissue contains a group of similar cells which perform specific function 3. Explain the function of contractile vacuole in osmoregulation Contractile vacuole regulate amount of water Excess water in the cell diffuses into the contractile vacuole by osmosis Contractile vacuole enlarges Contractile vacuole contracts Releasing water to the external environment

1. Explain the fluidity of plasma membrane [4M] Consist of 2 layers of phospholipids Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail Allowed the phospholipids to arrange closely to form a layer That is not static / mobile / dynamic Various types of protein molecules are inserted within the 2 layers Produce a flexible structure 2. Explain the differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Down the concentration gradient From higher to lower concentration region Molecules move in both direction across plasma membrane

Active transport
Against the concentration gradient From lower to higher concentration region Molecules move in one direction across plasma membrane

Molecule can move through pore protein / carrier protein No ATP / energy used No energy needed to bind with the protein

Molecules move through carrier protein ATP / energy used Energy needed to bind with the active site of carrier protein

Movement of molecule through pore protein and carrier protein

Able to achieve equilibrium

Movement of molecule through carrier protein only

Leads to accumulation / elimination

Not affected by inhibitor

Is inhibited by respiratory inhibitor

3. Explain the preservation of fish Salt solution is hypertonic to the fish More water diffuse out from the fish into the salt solution by osmosis Fish become dehydrated Prevents bacterial growth // kills bacteria Bacterial cells are also plasmolysed // crenated Preventing the decay of fish

4. Explain the preservation of vegetables Vinegar which is acidic Diffuse into the vegetables Vegetables become acidic Prevents bacterial growth Preventing the decay of the vegetables

1. In a food preparation process, a housewife carries out the following steps: Step 1 marinate pieces of meat with strips of unripe papaya in a basin Step 2 immerse the basin in a container filled with water at 40C for 30 minutes Explain why the housewife carries out step 1 and step 2 [4M] -papaya contain papain / protease -Meat pieces and strips of papaya increase TSA -To increase enzyme action -To tender / soften the meat -40C optimum for enzyme action

1. Name the technique used to produce new plants in large quantities Tissue culture // cloning 2. Name the part of the plant used in tissue culture Shoot // root // stem // leaves 3. Explain the tissue culture technique Explant is washed and treated with sterilising agent / bleach Explant is cultured in nutrient medium with suitable temperature and pH value Cells divide by mitosis to form callus Callus differentiates to form root and shoot / seedling 4. Explain what happens during prophase [3M] Chromosomes condense become thicker and shorter Nucleolus / nuclear membrane disappears The spindle fibres begin to form 5. State the chromosome behaviour during metaphase and anaphase Chromosome align on the equatorial plane / metaphase plane Chromosomes move towards the opposite poles

6. Explain the important of mitosis in cloning process [3M] Maintain the genetic contents from 1 generation to next generation Increases the number of cells / bring about growth Maintains the diploid number of chromosomes in the species The offspring have the same characteristics / identical to the parent 7. State the importance of crossing over Produce variation 8. State 2 example of mutagen Radiation / UV rays/ X-rays etc Chemicals, carcinogenic substances, food flavouring and colouring Lifestyle stress 9. Ways to prevent cancer Prevent from exposure to radioactive rays Prevent from taking food containing artificial flovouring Reduce stress

1. Compare the digestive system in rodents and ruminants [10M] Similarities alimentary canal of both organisms contain bacteria / protozoa To digest cellulose into glucose Differences number of stomach chamber Size of caecum Location of the bacteria in the alimentary canal The number of time the food passes through the stomach chamber 2. State the meaning of photosynthesis [2M] A process whereby green plant produces glucose from CO2 and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight 3. Starting from water and CO2 as raw materials, describe how green plant produces starch molecules [8M] Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to produce ATP / electron Photolysis of water produce H+ and OH- ions H+ ion combines with electron to form hydrogen atom Hydrogen and ATP will be used in the dark reaction

Light

reaction occurs in grana / granum Dark reaction takes place in the absence of light (at night X) CO2 combines with hydrogen to form glucose Glucose molecule undergo condensation to form starch Formation of glucose requires ATP / chemical energy Dark reaction need chemical energy Dark reaction occurs in stroma 4. It is found that the process of photosynthesis contributes to the balance of nature. Explain how air pollution may have an effect on photosynthesis and the balance of nature [10M] Absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere Provides / replaces O2 Maintain percentage of CO2 over O2 ratio in the air (max 2) Motor vehicles / burning of fossil fuel / forest fire / smoke from industries Urbanisation / quarry (max 2) Releases heavy smoke / acidic gas (example)

Increases

particles content in the air (max 2) Particles accumulate on the leaf surface / cover the stomata Reduces the gaseous exchange Form heavy / thick smog in the air Reduces light intensity that reached the leaves (max 2) Rate of photosynthesis reduces Less CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere / O2 being release Promotes green house effect / global warming / acid rain (max 2)

5. Explain the formation of faeces in human [4M] Contents that are not absorbed enter the colon Consists of water, undigested substances, bacteria, dead cells, pigments Move slowly along the colon by peristalsis Water is reabsorbed To form faeces

1. Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration [4M] Aerobic respiration glucose is completely oxidised The quantity of energy produced is higher (38 molecules ATP) Anaerobic respiration glucose is not completely oxidised The quantity of energy produced is lower (2 molecules of ATP)

1. Explain the methods used in controlling pest and their disadvantages Chemical control method use insecticide / pesticide Kill / destroy pest Accumulation of chemical substances in the other organisms in the food chain causes mutation The mutant pest develop resistance to the pesticide Biological control method predator kills only the specific pests Causing imbalanced population of other organisms in the food chain 2. Explain the good and bad effects of changing paddy field into industrial area Provides job opportunity
Provides infrastructure basic needs Better living condition Convenient transport system

Improve economic status

Build up school, clinic, etc Good sanitation system / hygienic water supply / electricity Faster transportation / save time

Paddy field exposed to land reclamation

Habitat for flora / fauna are destroyed Air / water / thermal / sound pollution Increase population in the area

Leaching / soil particles washed away during heavy rain

Extinction of flora / fauna / reduction in population Release of pollutants into the environment / causes diseases Leads to social problem

3. Explain the meaning of colonisation and succession Colonisation is a process whereby a species colonises in a newly formed area Succession is a process whereby 1 species of organism changes the environment which result in the organism being replaced by other species which is more adaptable to the new habitat

4. Explain the colonisation and succession in a pond [8M] Pioneer species (submerged plant) causes a change in the environment The remains of plants and decayed bodies deposited to the pond bed Pond become shallower // water level in the pond decreases Add nutrient to pond water / soil Favours growth of floating plant to replace the pioneer species Floating plants covers water surface, preventing light from penetrating the water Results in greater rate of plants death which sink to the pond bed Making the pond shallower Floating plant are gradually replaced by amphibious / emergent plant The successor causes further changes to the habitat / pond, make it unfavourable for emergent plant to grow Emergent plant are replaced by land / terrestrial plant Primary forest will be formed

1. Discuss why ecosystem has to be maintained [10M] Allows maximum interaction among living organisms and interaction between biotic and abiotic factors Ensure conservation of biodiversity // preservation of flora and fauna Preventing extinction of flora and fauna Maintaining major sources of human food // medicinal resources Sustain food web / food chain in the ecosystem Preventing disruption of natural cycle of water / carbon Provide water catchment area Preserve natural resources for recreational activities / ecotourism Reduce stress / promote healthy life style Imbalanced ecosystem causes the loss of plant / animal Causes reduction in food resources / food chain Preventing soil erosion / land slide / flash flood

2. Explain the effect of the phenomenon on the environment if the concentration levels of carbon dioxide are increasing [3M] Traps heat Increase in global / world temperature / global warming Melting of polar ice / rise in sea level Green house effect 3. Discuss the activity of open burning causes disasters to the environment [7M] Releases a lot of carbon dioxide Traps heat Causes global warming / green house effects Release of heavy smoke Reduce light intensity for photosynthesis / block stomata Less yield / rate of photosynthesis decreases Smog / haze prevent vision / results in air accidents Cause health hazards Destroy flora and fauna Loss of herbs for medical purposes Lost of habitat / extinction of flora and fauna Lack of water catchment area Expose to flash flood, landslide, soil erosion, water pollution

4. Discuss the effect of spraying chemical fertilizers on agriculture and environment [5M] Good impact - supply nutrient to the plant Increase yield of crop Bad impact excess fertilizers may be washed away / leaching of fertilizers Causing enrichment of water Results in profuse growth of algae / eutrophication Increased BOD of water / depletes the oxygen content of the lake Causes the death of fishes / aquatic animals 5. Discuss the effect of spraying chemical insecticides on agriculture and environment [5M] Good impact an effective way to kill insects Some chemicals are toxic only to specific animals Bad impact hazardous to farmers if inhaled / exposed to skin Contaminate the underground water / rivers Causes the death of fishes / aquatic animals The insects may develop into mutant strain which resist to the chemical Insecticides no longer effective for the insects

1. State the function of blood circulation Transport nutrient / antibodies / hormone etc. (reject blood) Helps in body defence against disease / blood clotting Homeostasis / balance of the body fluid 2. Explain the condition which causes the blockage in the blood vessel [3M] Atherosclerosis deposition of cholesterol / fat Beneath the artery wall / inside the lumen of blood vessel Causes the narrowing of lumen Leads to clogging 3. State the effects on the persons health if the blood vessel is blocked Heart attack Angina Cardiac arrest Breathing difficulty stroke

4. Explain the function of platelets to stop bleeding [4M] Platelets produce thrombokinase / thromboplastin Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin Fibrin forms a network to traps the erythrocytes To form a clot / scab 5. Explain the consequences on a person if he / she losses a lot of blood [6M] Less red blood cells to combine with oxygen To form oxyhaemoglobin Less oxygen transported to body cells For cellular respiration Less energy is produced Resulting tiredness / weakness / fatigue Pale looking appearance anaemia

6. Compare the circulatory of fish and human being Similarities both have a closed circulation Blood flows in blood vessels Both have a heart Heart act as a pumping organ
Fish Single circulation Human Double circulation

Heart has 2 chambers

Absence of septum Oxygenated blood flow from gills to body cells

Heart has 4 chambers

Septum present Oxygenated blood flow from lungs to the heart

Deoxygenated blood flow from the heart to the gills

Deoxygenated blood flow from heart to the lungs

1. Compare between sensory neurone and motor neurone [2M] Similarities both neurone contain myelin sheath, axon, cell body and dendrite Differences sensory neurone - long dendron, short axon, cell body at the side of the cell, begins with receptor 2. Explain reflex action when accidentally touches a hot kettle [3M] Receptor at the finger detects the heat and release the impulse Impulse is sent to the spinal cord through the afferent neurone Which synapse with the interneurone and will then synapse with efferent neurone Efferent neurone send the impulse to the effector which contracts and jerks the hand 3. State the role of ADH Collecting duct / distal convoluted tubule become more permeable to water More water is absorbed 4. Why pituitary gland considered as mastery gland It controls / regulates the activity of other glands

1. Draw the embryo sac and the position of 8 nucleus 2. State the significance of having 2 male nucleus in plant One male nucleus fertilizes an egg cell to form diploid zygote One male nucleus fertilizes 2 polar nuclei to form triploid nucleus / endosperm 3. Suggest a method to stimulate the germination of pollen tube Spraying sucrose / sugary solution on to pollen tube 4. Explain the meaning of growth in plant [4M] Mitosis / cell division at shoot tip Produces new cells / number of cells increases New vacuoles are formed / enlargement of vacuole / increase in the size of the cells Cells are specialised to phloem and xylem Length of the shoot increases / height of the plant increases The process is irreversible

5. Explain the role of auxin in phototropism [4M] Shoot bends toward light // positive phototropism Auxin is produced at shoot tip // coleoptiles More auxin accumulate at the region with lower light intensity Auxin diffused to the elongation region Auxin stimulates the cell elongation / growth at shoot tip Region with more auxin elongates more compare to the region with low auxin 6. State the commercial values of auxin in agriculture Rooting hormone / promotes growth of adventitious roots Weed killer / herbicides Seedless fruiting / parthenocarpy 7. Differences between primary and secondary growth Primary growth involve apical meristem, occurs at shoot tip / root tip, elongation at the shoot Secondary growth involve cork cambium, occurs at cortex / vascular bundle, increases the diameter of the stem

8. Explain the benefits to plants that undergo secondary growth [7M] Plants that undergo secondary growth
Long life span Bear fruits many times / producing many offspring

Plants that undergo primary growth

Short life span Bear fruits once / produce few offspring

The plants are taller / bigger

Higher chances to obtain more light More xylem and phloem / strengthen the stem Better transportation of water and nutrient Presence of cork tissue provide better protection for internal tissue

The plants are shorter / smaller

Lower chances to obtain more light Less xylem and phloem / stem is not strengthen by vascular tissue Nil Nil

9. State the function of placenta Provide / supply nutrient Secretes hormones Help remove waste product Forms a selective barrier Allows substances to pass from mother to foetus / vice versa 10. Why pregnant mother should stop smoking Nicotine will cause brain damage of the foetus Carbon monoxide will deprive its tissue lack of oxygen Carcinogenic substances cause mutation